Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Zinc and Prostate Cancer: A Critical Scientific, Medical, and Public Interest Issue (United States)

  • Published:
Cancer Causes & Control Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The role of zinc in the development and progression of prostate malignancy and its potential application in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) are contemporary critical issues for the medical/scientific community and the public-at-large. The overwhelming clinical and experimental evidence provides a compelling rational basis for the expectation and concept that prostate zinc accumulation is an important factor in the development and progression of prostate malignancy; and that zinc could be efficacious in the prevention and treatment of PCa. In contrast, various epidemiologic studies have produced divergent and conflicting results regarding the efficacy of dietary and supplemental zinc against PCa. Before reaching any definitive conclusions regarding this complex issue, one should have a complete understanding of the clinical and experimental evidence associated with the involvement of zinc in the normal and malignant prostate. Also, an understanding of interacting effects of confounding factors on the absorption, assimilation, and bioavailability of supplemental dietary zinc is important. The purpose of this review is to present the current state of the clinical and experimental information regarding zinc relationships in the normal prostate and in the pathogenesis PCa. The evidence in support of a potential beneficial effect of zinc supplement versus potential harmful effects on PCa is assessed. A discussion of the divergent results of the epidemiologic studies is presented along with a description of important factors and conditions that impact or mask the effects of dietary zinc on PCa development and progression. We also hope to bring more attention to the medical and research community of the critical need for concerted clinical and basic research regarding zinc and PCa, for the development of appropriate human prostate models to investigate these relationships, for further appropriately designed epidemiologic studies, and for future well-controlled clinical trials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. LC Costello RB Franklin (1998) ArticleTitleThe novel role of zinc in the intermediary metabolism of prostate epithelial cells and its implications in prostate malignancy Prostate 35 285–296 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19980601)35:4<285::AID-PROS8>3.0.CO;2-F Occurrence Handle9609552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. LC Costello RB Franklin (2000) ArticleTitleThe intermediary metabolism of the prostate: a key to understanding the pathogenesis and progression of prostate malignancy Oncology 59 269–282 Occurrence Handle10.1159/000012183 Occurrence Handle11096338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. LC Costello RB Franklin (2001) ArticleTitleThe metabolism of prostate malignancy: insights into the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and new approaches for its diagnosis and treatment Oncol Spect 2 452–457

    Google Scholar 

  4. LC Costello RB Franklin (2002) ArticleTitleTestosterone and prolactin regulation of metabolic genes and citrate metabolism of prostate epithelial cells Horm Metabol Res 34 417–424 Occurrence Handle10.1055/s-2002-33598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. DW West ML Slattery LM Robison TK French AW Mahoney (1991) ArticleTitleAdult dietary intake and prostate cancer risk in Utah: a case-control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors Cancer Causes Control 2 85–94 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00053126 Occurrence Handle1873441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. SO Andersson A Wolk R Bergstrom et al. (1996) ArticleTitleEnergy, nutrient intake and prostate cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in Sweden Int J Cancer 68 716–722 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19961211)68:6<716::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-6 Occurrence Handle8980172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. HD Vlajinac JM Marinkovic MD Ilic NI Kocev (1997) ArticleTitleDiet and prostate cancer: a case-control study Eur J Cancer 33 101–107 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0959-8049(96)00373-5 Occurrence Handle9071908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. AR Kristal JL Stanford JH Cohen K Wicklund RE Patterson (1999) ArticleTitleVitamin and mineral supplement use is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8 887–892 Occurrence Handle10548317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. TJA Key PB Silcocks GK Davey PN Appleby DT Bishop (1997) ArticleTitleA case-control study of diet and prostate cancer Br J Cancer 76 678–687 Occurrence Handle9303371

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. MF Leitzmann MJ Stampfer K Wu GA Colditz WC Willett EL Giovannucci (2003) ArticleTitleZinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 95 1004–1007

    Google Scholar 

  11. LN Kolonel CN Yoshizawa JH Hankin (1988) ArticleTitleDiet and prostatic cancer: a case-control study in Hawaii Am J Epidemiol 127 999–1012 Occurrence Handle3358418

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. NK Dhar TC Goel PC Dube AR Chowdhury AB Kar (1973) ArticleTitleDistribution and concentration of zinc in the subcellular fractions of benign hyperplastic and malignant neoplastic human prostate Exp Mol Pathol 19 139–142 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0014-4800(73)90073-7 Occurrence Handle4127820

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. P Gonic D Oberleas T Knechtges AS Prasad (1969) ArticleTitleAtomic absorption determination of zinc in the prostate Invest Urol 6 345–347 Occurrence Handle5773519

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. FK Habib MK Mason PH Smith SR Stitch (1979) ArticleTitleCancer of the prostate: early diagnosis by zinc and hormone analysis Br J Cancer 39 700–704 Occurrence Handle87214

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. R Lahtonen (1985) ArticleTitleZinc and cadmium concentrations in whole tissue and in separated epithelium and stroma from human benign prostatic hypertrophic glands Prostate 6 177–183 Occurrence Handle2579370

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. F Gyorkey K-W Min JA Huff P Gyorkey (1967) ArticleTitleZinc and magnesium in human prostate gland: normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic Cancer Res 27 1349–1353

    Google Scholar 

  17. JO Ogunlewe DN Osegbe (1989) ArticleTitleZinc and cadmium concentrations in indigenous blacks with normal, hypertrophic, and malignant prostate Cancer 63 1388–1392 Occurrence Handle2465818

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. A Feustal R Wennrich D Steiniger P Klauss (1982) ArticleTitleZinc and cadmium concentration in prostatic carcinoma of different histological grading in comparison to normal prostate tissue and adenofibromyomatosis (BPH) Urol Res 10 301–303 Occurrence Handle6186062

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. VY Zaichick TV Sviridova SV Zaichick (1997) ArticleTitleZinc in the human prostate gland: normal, hyperplastic, cancerous Int Urol Nephr 29 565–574

    Google Scholar 

  20. J Kurhanewicz DB Vigneron H Hricak P Narayan P Carroll SJ Nelson (1996) ArticleTitleThree dimensional hydrogen-1 MR spectroscopic imaging of the in situ human prostate with high spatial resolution Radiology 198 795–805 Occurrence Handle8628874

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. A Heerschap GJ Jager M VanDer Graaf et al. (1997) ArticleTitleIn vivo proton MR spectroscopy reveals altered metabolite content in malignant prostate tissue Anticancer Res 17 1455–1460 Occurrence Handle9179183

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. GP Liney LW Turnbull M Lowry LS Turnbull AJ Knowles A Horsman (1997) ArticleTitleIn vivo quantification of citrate concentration and water T2 relaxation time of the pathologic prostate gland using 1H MRS and MRI Magn Reson Imag 15 1177–1186 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0730-725X(97)00182-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. D Vartsky S Shilstein A Bercovich et al. (2003) ArticleTitleProstatic zinc and prostate specific antigen: an experimental evaluation of their combined diagnostic value J Urol 170 2258–2262 Occurrence Handle10.1097/01.ju.0000095795.86327.b8 Occurrence Handle14634392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. LC Costello RB Franklin P Narayan (1999) ArticleTitleCitrate in the diagnosis of prostate cancer Prostate 38 237–245 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19990215)38:3<237::AID-PROS8>3.0.CO;2-O Occurrence Handle10068348

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Costello L, Franklin RB, Kurhanewicz J (2002) The metabolic characterization of prostate malignancy by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In: Encyclopedia of Cancer, Academic Press, in press

  26. J Kurhanewicz MG Swanson SJ Nelson DB Vigneron (2002) ArticleTitleCombined magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic imaging approach to molecular imaging of prostate cancer J Magn Reson Imag 16 451–463 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jmri.10172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. KL Zakian S Eberhardt H Hricak et al. (2003) ArticleTitleTransition zone prostate cancer: metabolic characteristics at 1H MR spectroscopic imaging–initial results Radiology 229 241–247 Occurrence Handle12920178

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. JE Cooper I Farid (1964) ArticleTitleThe role of citric acid in the physiology of the prostate. Lactic/citrate ratios in benign and malignant prostatic homogenates as an index of prostatic malignancy J Urol 92 533–536 Occurrence Handle14226486

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. LC Costello Y Liu RB Franklin MC Kennedy (1997) ArticleTitleZinc inhibition of mitochondrial aconitase and its importance in citrate metabolism of prostate epithelial cells J Biol Chem 272 28875–28881 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.272.46.28875 Occurrence Handle9360955

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. LC Costello Y Liu J Zou RB Franklin (1999) ArticleTitleEvidence for a zinc uptake transporter in human prostate cancer cells which is regulated by prolactin and testosterone J Biol Chem 274 17499–17504 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.274.25.17499 Occurrence Handle10364181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. RB Franklin J Ma J Zou BI Kukoyi P Feng LC Costello (2003) ArticleTitlehZIP1 is a major zinc uptake transporter for the accumulation of zinc in prostate cells J Inorg Biochem 96 435–442 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0162-0134(03)00249-6 Occurrence Handle12888280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. I Rishi H Baidouri JA Abbasi et al. (2003) ArticleTitleProstate cancer in African-American men is associated with down-regulation of zinc transporters Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morph 11 253–260 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00129039-200309000-00009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. FW Beck AS Prasad CE Butler WA Sakr O Kucuk FH Sarkar (2004) ArticleTitleDifferential expression of hZnT-4 in human prostate tissues Prostate 58 374–381 Occurrence Handle10.1002/pros.10344 Occurrence Handle14968438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. M Hasumi K Suzuki H Matsui H Koike K Ito H Yamanaka (2003) ArticleTitleRegulation of metallothionein and zinc transporter expression in human prostate cancer cells and tissues Cancer Lett 200 187–195 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00441-5 Occurrence Handle14568174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. P Feng TL Li ZX Guan RB Franklin LC Costello (2002) ArticleTitleDirect effect of zinc on mitochondrial apoptogenesis in prostate cells Prostate 52 311–318 Occurrence Handle10.1002/pros.10128 Occurrence Handle12210492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. P Feng JY Liang TL Li et al. (2002) ArticleTitleZinc induces mitochondria apoptogenesis in prostate cells Mol Urol 4 31–35

    Google Scholar 

  37. P Feng TL Li ZX Guan RB Franklin LC Costello (2003) ArticleTitleEffect of zinc on prostatic tumorigenicity in nude mice Ann NY Acad Sci 1010 316–320 Occurrence Handle10.1196/annals.1299.056 Occurrence Handle15033742

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. RB Franklin LC Costello (1997) Intermediary energy metabolism of normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells RK Naz (Eds) Prostate: Basic and Clinical Aspects CRC Press New York 115–150

    Google Scholar 

  39. CV Dang GL Samenza (1999) ArticleTitleOncogenic alterations of metabolism Trends Biochem Sci 24 68–72 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01344-9 Occurrence Handle10098401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. JM Argiles FJ Lopez-Soriano (1990) ArticleTitleWhy do cells have such a high glycolytic rate Med Hypotheses 32 151–155 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0306-9877(90)90039-H Occurrence Handle2142979

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. LG Baggetto (1992) ArticleTitleDeviant energetic metabolism of glycolytic cancer cells Biochimie 74 959–974 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0300-9084(92)90016-8 Occurrence Handle1477140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. RG Uzzo P Leavis W Hatch et al. (2002) ArticleTitleZinc inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B activation and sensitizes prostate cancer cells to cytotoxic agents Clin Cancer Res 8 3579–3583 Occurrence Handle12429649

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. K Ishii T Otsuka K Iguchi et al. (2004) ArticleTitleEvidence that the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)/Zn2+ axis may play a role in human prostate cancer cell invasion Cancer Lett 207 79–87 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.canlet.2003.09.029 Occurrence Handle15050736

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. K Ishii S Usui Y Sugimura et al. (2001) ArticleTitleAminopeptidase N regulated by zinc in human prostate participates in tumor cell invasion Int J Cancer 92 49–54 Occurrence Handle10.1002/1097-0215(200102)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1161>3.3.CO;2-J Occurrence Handle11279605

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Nemoto Kaoru Kondo Yukihiro Himeno Seiichiro Suzuki Yasutomo Hara Shuntaro Akimoto Masao Imura Nobumasa (2000) ArticleTitleModulation of telomerase activity by zinc in human prostatic and renal cancer cells Biochem Pharmacol 59 401–405 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00334-2 Occurrence Handle10644048

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. HJ Sommerfeld AK Meeker MA Piatyszek GS Bova JW Shay DS Coffey (1996) ArticleTitleTelomerase activity: a prevalent marker of malignant human prostate tissue Cancer Res 56 218–226 Occurrence Handle8548767

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. S Boissier M Ferreras O Peyruchaud et al. (2000) ArticleTitleBisphosphonates inhibit breast and prostate carcinoma cell invasion, an early event in the formation of bone metastases Cancer Res 60 2949–2954 Occurrence Handle10850442

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. S Samman DC Roberts (1988) ArticleTitleThe effect of zinc supplements on lipoproteins and copper status Atherosclerosis 70 247–252 Occurrence Handle3365292

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. RK Chandra (1984) ArticleTitleExcessive intake of zinc impairs immune responses JAMA 252 1443–1446 Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.252.11.1443 Occurrence Handle6471270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. M Ferencik L Ebringer (2003) ArticleTitleModulatory effects of selenium and zinc on the immune system Folia Microbiol 48 417–426

    Google Scholar 

  51. TH Karlsen H Sommerfelt S Klomstad et al. (2003) ArticleTitleIntestinal and systemic immune responses to an oral cholera toxoid B subunit whole-cell vaccine administered during zinc supplementation Infection Immunity 71 3909–3913 Occurrence Handle10.1128/IAI.71.7.3909-3913.2003 Occurrence Handle12819076

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. E Mocchegiani M Muzzioli R Giacconi (2000) ArticleTitleZinc, metallothioneins, immune responses, survival and ageing Biogerontology 1 133–143 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1010095930854 Occurrence Handle11707929

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. RK Chandra (2002) ArticleTitleNutrition and the immune system from birth to old age Eur J Clin Nutr 3 IssueID56 Suppl S73–S76 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. AS Prasad CS Mantzoros FW Beck JW Hess GJ Brewer (1996) ArticleTitleZinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults Nutrition 12 344–348 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0899-9007(96)80058-X Occurrence Handle8875519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. C Chen NS Weiss FZ Stanczyk et al. (2003) ArticleTitleEndogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study nested within the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12 1410–1416 Occurrence Handle14693730

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. P Rivera R Tagle S Mir R Gonzalez (2003) ArticleTitleRelationship between serum testosterone levels and prostatic cancer Actas Urol Espanol 27 788–792

    Google Scholar 

  57. T Raivio H Santti G Schatzl et al. (2003) ArticleTitleReduced circulating androgen bioactivity in patients with prostate cancer Prostate 55 IssueID3 194–198 Occurrence Handle10.1002/pros.10234 Occurrence Handle12692785

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. G Schatzl WJ Reiter T Thurridl et al. (2000) ArticleTitleEndocrine patterns in patients with benign and malignant prostatic diseases Prostate 44 219–224 Occurrence Handle10.1002/1097-0045(20000801)44:3<219::AID-PROS6>3.0.CO;2-I Occurrence Handle10906738

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. A Feustel R Wenrich (1986) ArticleTitleZinc and cadmium plasma and erythrocyte levels in prostatic carcinoma, BPH, urological malignancies, and inflammation Prostate 8 75–79 Occurrence Handle2418432

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. P Whelan BE Walker J Kelleher (1983) ArticleTitleZinc, vitamin A, and prostate cancer Br J Urol 55 525–528 Occurrence Handle6194843

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. JO Ogunlewe DN Osegbe (1989) ArticleTitleZinc and cadmium concentrations in indigenous blacks with normal, hypertrophic, and malignant prostate Cancer 63 1388–1392 Occurrence Handle2465818

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. M Lekili A Ergen I Celebi (1991) ArticleTitleZinc plasma levels in prostatic carcinoma and BPH Int Urol Nephrol 23 151–154 Occurrence Handle1713903

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Z Chirulescu C Chiriloiu A Suciu R Pirvulescu (1987) ArticleTitleVariations of zinc, calcium and magnesium in normal subjects and in patients with neoplasias Med Intern 25 257–61

    Google Scholar 

  64. Y Liu LC Costello RB Franklin (1997) ArticleTitleProlactin and testosterone regulation of mitochondrial zinc in prostate epithelial cells Prostate 30 26–32 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19970101)30:1<26::AID-PROS4>3.0.CO;2-J Occurrence Handle9018332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. E Mocchegiani M Muaaioli R Giacconi (2000) ArticleTitleZinc, metallothioneins, immune responses, survival and ageing Biogerontology 1 133–143 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1010095930854 Occurrence Handle11707929

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. MP Vaquero (2002) ArticleTitleMagnesium and trace elements in the elderly: intake, status and recommendations J Nutr Health Aging 6 147–153 Occurrence Handle12166371

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. L Padro R Benacer S Foix et al. (2002) ArticleTitleAssessment of dietary adequacy for an elderly population based on a Mediterranean model J Nutr Health Aging 6 31–33 Occurrence Handle11813078

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. C Ekmekcioglu (2001) ArticleTitleThe role of trace elements for the health of elderly individuals Nahrung 45 309–316 Occurrence Handle10.1002/1521-3803(20011001)45:5<309::AID-FOOD309>3.0.CO;2-0 Occurrence Handle11715341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. KP High (2001) ArticleTitleNutritional strategies to boost immunity and prevent infection in elderly individuals Clin Infect Dis 33 1892–1900 Occurrence Handle10.1086/324509 Occurrence Handle11692301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. LN Kolonel (1996) ArticleTitleNutrition and prostate cancer Cancer Causes Control 7 83–44 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00115640 Occurrence Handle8850437

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. JA Thomas (1999) ArticleTitleDiet, micronutrients and the prostate gland Nutr Rev 4 95–103

    Google Scholar 

  72. EA Platz KJ Helzlsouer (2001) ArticleTitleSelenium, zinc, and prostate Epidemiol Rev 23 93–101 Occurrence Handle11588860

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. MF Leitzmann E Giovannucci (2004) ArticleTitleResponse: Re: zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 96 1108–1109 Occurrence Handle15265974

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. B Lonnerdal (2000) ArticleTitleDietary factors influencing zinc absorption J␣Nutr 130 1378S–1383S Occurrence Handle10801947

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. NF Krebs (2000) ArticleTitleOverview of zinc absorption and excretion in the human gastrointestinal tract J Nutr 130 1374S–1377S Occurrence Handle10801946

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. JC King DM Shames LB Woodhouse (2000) ArticleTitleZinc homeostasis in humans J Nutr 130 1360S–1366S Occurrence Handle10801944

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. E Giovannucci EB Rimm A Wolk et al. (1998) ArticleTitleCalcium and fructose intake in relation to risk of prostate cancer Cancer Res 58 442–447 Occurrence Handle9458087

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. E Giovannucci (1998) ArticleTitleDietary influences of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D in relation to prostate cancer: a hypothesis Cancer Causes Control 9 567–582 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1008835903714 Occurrence Handle10189042

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. JM Chan E Giovannucci SO Andersson J Yuen HO Adami A Wolk (1998) ArticleTitleDairy products, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, and risk of prostate cancer Cancer Causes Control 9 559–566 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1008823601897 Occurrence Handle10189041

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. C Rodriguez ML McCullough AM Mondul et al. (2003) ArticleTitleCalcium, dairy products, and risk of prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of United States men Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12 597–603 Occurrence Handle12869397

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. AR Kristal JH Cohen P Qu JL Stanford (2002) ArticleTitleAssociations of energy, fat, calcium, and vitamin D with prostate cancer risk Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 719–725 Occurrence Handle12163324

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. CA Krone LC Harms (2004) ArticleTitleRe: zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 95 1556

    Google Scholar 

  83. MK Siddiqui S Srivastava PK Mehrotra (2002) ArticleTitleEnvironmental exposure to lead as a risk for prostate cancer Biomed Environ Sci 15 298–305 Occurrence Handle12642986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Z-X Guan B Kukoyi P Feng MC Kennedy RB Franklin LC Costello (2003) ArticleTitleKinetic identification of a mitochondrial zinc uptake transporter in prostate cells J Inorg Biochem 97 199–206 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0162-0134(03)00291-5 Occurrence Handle14512198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, 666 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    Leslie C. Costello, Renty B. Franklin & Pei Feng

  2. Division of Biostatistics, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Ming Tan

  3. Department of Biology, South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, Orangeburg, SC, USA

    Omar Bagasra

Authors
  1. Leslie C. Costello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Renty B. Franklin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pei Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ming Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Omar Bagasra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leslie C. Costello.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Costello, L.C., Franklin, R.B., Feng, P. et al. Zinc and Prostate Cancer: A Critical Scientific, Medical, and Public Interest Issue (United States). Cancer Causes Control 16, 901–915 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-005-2367-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-005-2367-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation