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Free-Field Cortical Steady-State Evoked Potentials in Cochlear Implant Users

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Abstract

Auditory steady-state evoked potentials (SS-EPs) are phase-locked neural responses to periodic stimuli, believed to reflect specific neural generators. As an objective measure, steady-state responses have been used in different clinical settings, including measuring hearing thresholds of normal and hearing-impaired subjects. Recent studies are in favor of recording these responses as a part of the cochlear implant (CI) device-fitting procedure. Considering these potential benefits, the goals of the present study were to assess the feasibility of recording free-field SS-EPs in CI users and to compare their characteristics between CI users and controls. By taking advantage of a recently developed dual-frequency tagging method, we attempted to record subcortical and cortical SS-EPs from adult CI users and controls and measured reliable subcortical and cortical SS-EPs in the control group. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to remove CI stimulation artifacts, yet subcortical responses of several CIs were heavily contaminated by these artifacts. Consequently, only cortical SS-EPs were compared between groups, which were found to be larger in the controls. The lower cortical SS-EPs’ amplitude in CI users might indicate a reduction in neural synchrony evoked by the modulation rate of the auditory input across different neural assemblies in the auditory pathway. The brain topographies of cortical auditory SS-EPs, the time course of cortical responses, and the reconstructed cortical maps were highly similar between groups, confirming their neural origin and possibility to obtain such responses also in CI recipients. As for subcortical SS-EPs, our results highlight a need for sophisticated denoising algorithms to pinpoint and remove artifactual components from the biological response.

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Data Availability

To protect the privacy of participants, anonymized data will be available to investigators upon request.

Abbreviations

CIs:

Cochlear Implants

EEG:

Electroencephalography

ASSR:

Auditory Steady-State Responses

EASSR:

Electrically Evoked ASSR

SS-Eps:

Steady-State Evoked Potentials

ICA:

Independent Component Analysis

DFT:

Discrete Fourier transform

FFT:

Fast Fourier transform

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the reviewers along with Dr. Patrice Voss for his constructive comments on the first draft of the manuscript and Marie-Anne Prudhomme, Frédérik Desaulniers, and Mihaela Felezeu for their help in recruiting participants and recording data. Thanks to the Raymond-Dewar Institute and the MAB-MacKay Rehabilitation Center that made recruiting CI users for this study possible for us. The authors confirm that this paper has not been presented/published or cited elsewhere.

Funding

This study was supported by an Incubator Award from the Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM). AL is supported by a FRQS Career Grant. SN is supported by an ERC Starting Grant RHYTHM AND BRAINS (801872).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Razieh Alemi & Alexandre Lehmann

  2. Centre for Research On Brain, Language & Music (CRBLM), Montreal, Canada

    Razieh Alemi & Alexandre Lehmann

  3. International Laboratory for Brain, Music & Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, QC, Canada

    Razieh Alemi & Alexandre Lehmann

  4. Institute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Sylvie Nozaradan

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  1. Razieh Alemi
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Contributions

AL obtained the funding and contributed to developing the rationale and design of the study. AL coded the experiment and acquired the data. RA analyzed the data, drafted the manuscript and created the figures. A.L helped with data analysis and AL and SN contributed to editing the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Razieh Alemi.

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Ethical Approval

The Research Ethics Board of the Centre for Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal approved this study (CRIR-985-0714). All participants gave written informed consent and received compensation for their participation.

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Handling Editor: Claude Alain.

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Alemi, R., Nozaradan, S. & Lehmann, A. Free-Field Cortical Steady-State Evoked Potentials in Cochlear Implant Users. Brain Topogr 34, 664–680 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-021-00860-2

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