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Degradation of the synthetic dye amaranth by the fungus Bjerkandera adusta Dec 1: inference of the degradation pathway from an analysis of decolorized products

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Abstract

We examined the degradation of amaranth, a representative azo dye, by Bjerkandera adusta Dec 1. The degradation products were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), visible absorbance, and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (ESI-TOF-MS). At the primary culture stage (3 days), the probable reaction intermediates were 1-aminonaphthalene-2,3,6-triol, 4-(hydroxyamino) naphthalene-1-ol, and 2-hydroxy-3-[2-(4-sulfophenyl) hydrazinyl] benzenesulfonic acid. After 10 days, the reaction products detected were 4-nitrophenol, phenol, 2-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, 4-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, and 3,4′-disulfonyl azo benzene, suggesting that no aromatic amines were created. Manganese-dependent peroxidase activity increased sharply after 3 days culture. Based on these results, we herein propose, for the first time, a degradation pathway for amaranth. Our results suggest that Dec 1 degrades amaranth via the combined activities of peroxidase and hydrolase and reductase action.

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Acknowledgments

We thank professor Angel T. Martínez for the valuable suggestion that strain Dec 1 should be reclassified.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. R1-7 Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan

    Nichina Gomi, Shuji Yoshida, Hiroki Konno, Toru Hisabori & Yasushi Sugano

  2. Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Meisei University, 2-1-1 Hodokubo, Hino, Tokyo, 191-8506, Japan

    Kazutsugu Matsumoto & Masayuki Okudomi

Authors
  1. Nichina Gomi
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  2. Shuji Yoshida
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  3. Kazutsugu Matsumoto
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  4. Masayuki Okudomi
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  5. Hiroki Konno
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  6. Toru Hisabori
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  7. Yasushi Sugano
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Correspondence to Yasushi Sugano.

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Gomi, N., Yoshida, S., Matsumoto, K. et al. Degradation of the synthetic dye amaranth by the fungus Bjerkandera adusta Dec 1: inference of the degradation pathway from an analysis of decolorized products. Biodegradation 22, 1239–1245 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-011-9478-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-011-9478-9

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