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Current knowledge of fungi from Neotropical montane cloud forests: distributional patterns and composition

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Abstract

Montane cloud forests in the Neotropics harbor a great wealth of biological diversity and a large number of endemic species. Here, we present (i) a comprehensive data mining exercise of fungi from Neotropical montane cloud forests (NMCF), (ii) an extensive review of the current knowledge of fungal richness, distribution and composition, and (iii) a preliminary analysis of fungal endemicity in Mexican montane cloud forests. Based on a survey of literature and other sources, we assembled a database of 6349 records representing 2962 fungal species in NMCF. The computed individual-based species rarefaction curve remained non-asymptotic, and the extrapolation curve estimated an expected increment of 42% in the number of species by doubling the sampling effort. Fungal species richness was highest in NMCF from Mesoamerica, particularly from Mexico and Costa Rica. Fungi from Mesoamerica, Caribbean and South America are significantly different at diverse taxonomic levels, and there is a little overlap in the fungal species recorded from these regions. The analyses of endemicity of the Mexican dataset performed with parsimony and Bayesian methods were highly complementary. They showed the following areas of endemicity supported by the congruent distribution of fungal species: (i) two main regions in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB); (ii) a region in the southern part of Veracruz; and (iii) a region located in the eastern part of TMVB with affinities with Sierra Madre Oriental and the Chiapan-Guatemala Highlands. This last area was supported by five species of Glomeromycota and is consistent with an area of endemicity previously found in vascular plants. In this study, we provide a perspective on gaps in knowledge regarding the diversity and distribution of fungi in NMCF, and provide a full dataset of fungal records with geographical, bibliographic and taxonomic information.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Luke Harrison who provided valuable advice regarding the use of partitions in the context of BAE and César Antonio Ríos Muñoz who pointed out to key bibliographic references regarding BAE. MDOR was supported by a DGAPA-UNAM Postdoctoral Fellowship. This project was supported by PAPIIT-UNAM IV201015. We thank L. Pérez-Ramírez and F. Santos-Rodríguez for assistance with document gathering. We are deeply grateful to Elizabeth Arnold and two anonymous reviewers for their thorough comments and observations, which led to substantial improvements in this manuscript.

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  1. Laboratorio de Biogeografía y Sistemática, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

    Mariana Del Olmo-Ruiz, Ricardo García-Sandoval, Othón Alcántara-Ayala & Isolda Luna-Vega

  2. Herbario BIGU, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala

    Mario Véliz

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Communicated by David Hawksworth.

This article belongs to the Topical Collection: Forest and plantation biodiversity.

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Online Resource 1

Fungal records from Neotropical montane cloud forests, including species names separated by taxonomic categories, sampling localities and references. Supplementary material 1 (XLS 2571 kb)

Online Resource 2

Incidence data matrix of fungal species and localities, and parsimony and Bayesian trees from the Mexican analyses of endemicity. Supplementary material 2 (NEX 128 kb)

Online Resource 3

Map showing the location and extent of the five main montane systems in Mexico: SMOcc, Sierra Madre Occidental; TMVB, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; SMS, Sierra Madre del Sur; SMOr, Sierra Madre Oriental; CGH, Chiapan-Guatemalan Highlands. The map was redrawn from Mastretta-Yanes et al. (2015). Supplementary material 3 (JPEG 897 kb)

Online Resource 4

Area cladograms recovered from the analyses of the jackknifed matrix. Bayesian analysis of endemicity without partitions (a) and parsimony analysis of endemicity (b). The terminals represent grid-cells (expressed in latitude-longitude). Supplementary material 4 (JPEG 493 kb)

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Del Olmo-Ruiz, M., García-Sandoval, R., Alcántara-Ayala, O. et al. Current knowledge of fungi from Neotropical montane cloud forests: distributional patterns and composition. Biodivers Conserv 26, 1919–1942 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1337-5

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