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Microstructure and cyanobacterial composition of microbial mats from the High Arctic

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Abstract

Arctic lakes, ponds and streams contain benthic microbial mats that are dominated by cyanobacteria, and these communities often account for a large proportion of the total ecosystem biomass and productivity. The vertical structure and composition of mats from two different aquatic habitats in the Canadian High Arctic, Ward Hunt Lake and a polar desert stream were analyzed in detail by microscopy techniques. Two distinct layers were identified in each mat: a surface layer with a high density of cells and associated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and a less cohesive bottom layer with an accumulation of mineral particles. The matrix formed by the cyanobacterial filaments and EPS produced the complex microstructure of all three mats, and likely favoured different microenvironments where specialized microbial interactions and biomineralization processes could take place. Structural and compositional differences were found among the mats. The lake mat had a surface layer of Dichothrix, and contained abundant particles of calcium carbonate, while Tychonema-like and Tolypothrix-like appeared mainly in the stream mats, along with a higher diversity of Chroococcales. A black microbial mat from one of the stream sites had markedly lower diversity than the other mat types. The observed differences in cyanobacterial composition and physical structure may be related to habitat stability and the availability of liquid water.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to PCPS for the logistic support to the High Arctic and Parks Canada for access to their facilities in Quttinirpaaq National Park. This project was funded by the Grants REN2000-0435, CGL2005-06549, POL2006-06635 and CTM2011-28736 from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, with funding of the microscopy studies through grants CTM2012-38222-C02-02 and CGL2013-42509. Additional support was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canada Research Chair program. The authors would like to thank to ICA and the MNCN (CSIC) microscopy services staff for technical assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006, Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Asunción de los Ríos, Carmen Ascaso & Jacek Wierzchos

  2. Centre d’études nordiques (CEN) & Dépt de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Warwick F. Vincent

  3. Dpt. Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain

    Antonio Quesada

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  1. Asunción de los Ríos
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  2. Carmen Ascaso
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  4. Warwick F. Vincent
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  5. Antonio Quesada
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Correspondence to Asunción de los Ríos.

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Communicated by Anurag chaurasia.

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de los Ríos, A., Ascaso, C., Wierzchos, J. et al. Microstructure and cyanobacterial composition of microbial mats from the High Arctic. Biodivers Conserv 24, 841–863 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0907-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0907-7

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