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Biological invasions in forest ecosystems

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Abstract

Forests play critical roles in global ecosystem processes and provide numerous services to society. But forests are increasingly affected by a variety of human influences, especially those resulting from biological invasions. Species invading forests include woody and herbaceous plants, many animal species including mammals and invertebrates, as well as a variety of microorganisms such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria and viruses. These species have diverse ecological roles including primary producers, herbivores, predators, animal pathogens, plant pathogens, decomposers, pollinators and other mutualists. Although most non-native species have negligible effects on forests, a few have profound and often cascading impacts. These impacts include alteration of tree species composition, changes in forest succession, declines in biological diversity, and alteration of nutrient, carbon and water cycles. Many of these result from competition with native species but also trophic influences that may result in major changes in food web structure. Naturally regenerating forests around the world have been substantially altered by invading species but planted forests also are at risk. Non-native tree species are widely planted in many parts of the world for production of wood and fibre, and are chosen because of their frequently exceptional growth in their new environment. This greater growth is due, in part, to escape from herbivores and pathogens that exist in their native ranges. Over time, some pest species can “catch-up” with their hosts, leading to subsequent declines in forest productivity. Other impacts result when native herbivores or pathogens adapt to exotic trees or when novel associations form between pathogens and vectors. Additionally, planted non-native trees are sometimes invasive and can have substantial adverse effects on adjacent natural areas. Management of invasions in forests includes prevention of arrival, eradication of nascent populations, biological control, selection for resistance in host trees, and the use of cultural practices (silviculture and restoration) to minimize invader impacts. In the future, the worlds’ forests are likely to be subject to increasing numbers of invasions, and effective management will require greater international cooperation and interdisciplinary integration.

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Acknowledgements

This paper is a product of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Task Force on Biological Invasions in Forests. We are grateful to Kamal Gandhi and Gary Lovett for their useful comments. The authors acknowledge the support of OECD Cooperative Research Program, USDA NIFA, USDA APHIS PPQ, US Forest Service Forest Health Protection, US Forest Service International Programs and IUFRO SPDC. DAW acknowledges support from the BioDivErsA FFII program. They also thanks L. Blackburn and R. Young for technical assistance. SK acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation DEB 0958676 and DEB 1457531. EGB was supported by MBIE core funding to Scion and the Better Border Biosecurity Collaboration (www.b3nz.org).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. US Forest Service Northern Research Station, 180 Canfield St., Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA

    Andrew M. Liebhold

  2. Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), P.O. Box 29237, Christchurch, 8440, New Zealand

    Eckehard G. Brockerhoff

  3. Better Border Biosecurity Collaboration, Lincoln, New Zealand

    Eckehard G. Brockerhoff

  4. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Susan Kalisz

  5. Grupo de Ecologia de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina

    Martin A. Nuñez

  6. Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 339798, Singapore

    David A. Wardle

  7. Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden

    David A. Wardle

  8. Forest and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa

    Michael J. Wingfield

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  1. Andrew M. Liebhold
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  2. Eckehard G. Brockerhoff
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  3. Susan Kalisz
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  4. Martin A. Nuñez
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  5. David A. Wardle
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  6. Michael J. Wingfield
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Correspondence to Andrew M. Liebhold.

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Guest Editors: Andrew Liebhold, Eckehard Brockerhoff and Martin Nuñez / Special issue on Biological Invasions in Forests prepared by a task force of the International Union of Forest Research Organizaons (IUFRO).

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Liebhold, A.M., Brockerhoff, E.G., Kalisz, S. et al. Biological invasions in forest ecosystems. Biol Invasions 19, 3437–3458 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1458-5

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