Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Invasive alien plants in the Pampas grasslands: a tri-national cooperation challenge

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Biological Invasions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The challenge of managing biological invasions requires novel approaches and coordinated efforts, especially among countries linked by intense trade routes and sharing common biomes. This is the case in Southern South America, where Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay maintain intense commercial relationships, whilst sharing continuous portions of the Pampas grasslands. Transnational similarities in this case exceed ecological features, including a common colonization history and similar development trends. This study represents a tri-national cooperation effort to describe the alien plant flora invading the Pampas grasslands of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay and analyses their characteristics in order to detect species and traits that are shared among the three countries and those that have not yet managed to invade the whole region. Furthermore, we highlight the opportunities and needs of a common approach across countries to deal with plant invasions. Information about alien plant species was retrieved from the IABIN Invasives Information Network (I3N) project databases of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, complemented with some national herbaria. Three hundred and fifty-six alien plant species were recorded growing in natural or semi-natural habitats of the Pampas. A total of 50 species were found in Pampas grasslands of the three countries. Argentina shared 48 and 36 species with Brazil and Uruguay, respectively, while the Brazilian and the Uruguayan Pampas shared only 20 species. Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the families with the highest number of invasive species, and herbs were the most common life form (75 %). Most invasive plants originated from Europe, Asia and Africa, and almost one-quarter of the species is associated with some human use, especially gardening. We discuss the opportunities and needs for international cooperation, as the prevention of introductions from one country to another through the use of risk analysis tools, definition of priority invasive species, as well as the detection, containment, eradication and control of common invasions. Furthermore, we suggest the establishment of coherent regional legislation and the inclusion of social issues and the public perception in the biological invasion quest.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aber A, Ferrari G (2010) Lineamientos para la gestión nacional de especies exóticas invasoras. Comité Nacional de Especies Exóticas Invasoras, DINAMA (Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente), and UNESCO, Montevideo, Uruguay

  • Alexander JM, Edwards PJ (2010) Limits to the niche and range margins of alien species. Oikos 119:1377–1386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Archer S, Boutton TW, Hibbard KA (2001) Trees in grasslands: biogeochemical consequences of woody plant expansion. In: Schulze EA, Harrison SP, Heimann M, Holland EA, Lloyd J, Prentice IC, Schimel DS (eds) Global biogeochemical cycles and their interrelationship with climate. Academic Press, London, pp 115–130

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Arianoutsou M, Delipetrou P, Celesti-Grapow L, Basnou C, Bazos I, Kokkoris Y, Blasi C, Vila M (2010) Comparing naturalized alien plants and recipient habitats across an east–west gradient in the Mediterranean Basin. J Biogeogr 37:1811–1823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arrivillaga A, Windevoxhel N (2008) Mesoamerican reef ecoregional assessment: marine conservation plan. The Nature Conservancy, Guatemala

    Google Scholar 

  • Astrada C (1982) El mito gaucho. Editorial Docencia, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacha CJC, Barros ALM (2004) Reflorestamento no Brasil: evolução recente e perspectivas futuras. Sci For 66:191–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrán JP, Nahum B (1978) Historia rural del Uruguay moderno. EBO, Montevideo

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskin Y (2002) A plague of rats and rubbervines: the growing threat of species invasions. Shearwater Books, Island Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilenca D, Miñarro F (2004) Identificación de áreas valiosas de pastizal (AVPs) en las pampas y campos de Argentina, Uruguay y sur de Brasil. Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  • Boldrini II (2006) Biodiversidade dos Campos Sulinos. In: Dall’Agnol M, Nabinger C, Rosa LM, Silva JLS, Santos DT (eds) Anais do I Simpósio de Forrageiras e Produção Animal. Faculdade de Agronomia da UFRGS, Porto Alegre, pp 11–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Boldrini II (2009) A flora dos Campos do Rio Grande do Sul. In: Pillar VD, Müller SC, Castilhos ZMS, Jacques AVA (eds) Campos sulinos: conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, pp 63–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs JM, Knapp AK, Brock BL (2002) Expansion of woody plants in tallgrass prairie: a 15 year study of fire and fire-grazing interactions. Am Midl Nat 147:287–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera AL, Willink A (1980) Biogeografia de America Latina, 2nd edn. OAS, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Calder JA, Wilson JB, Mark AF, Ward G (1992) Fire, succession and reserve management in a New Zealand snowtussok grassland. Biol Conserv 62:35–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaneton EJ, Perelman SB, Omacini M, León RJC (2002) Grazing, environmental heterogeneity, and alien plant invasions in temperate pampa grasslands. Biol Inv 4:7–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (2000) Decision VI/23. In: Sixth conference of the parties, The Hague. http://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=7197. Accessed 20 Oct 2011

  • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (2005) Annex I decision V/8, CBD handbook, 3rd edn. In: Fifth conference of the parties, Nairobi. http://www.cbd.int/handbook/. Accessed 14 Sept 2011

  • Cook PS, Cable TT (1995) The scenic beauty of shelterbelts on the Great Plains. Land Urb Plan 32:63–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz RC, Guadagnin DL (2012) Uma pequena história ambiental do Pampa: proposta de uma abordagem baseada na relação entre perturbação e mudança. In: Costa BP, Quoos JH, Dickel MAG (eds) A sustentabilidade da Região da Campanha-RS: Práticas e teorias a respeito das relações entre ambiente, sociedade, cultura e políticas públicas. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, pp 155–179

  • Cuevas YA, Zalba SM (2010) Recovery of native grasslands after removing invasive pines. Restor Ecol 18:711–719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Lisio A (2009) La cuestión ambiental como dilema de desarrollo en el Mercosur. Rev Geo Venez 50:11–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Puerto O (1987) Vegetación del Uruguay. Facultad de Agronomía, Montevideo

    Google Scholar 

  • DiTomaso JM (2000) Invasive weeds in rangelands: species, impacts, and management. Weed Sci 48:255–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elton CS (1958) The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Methuen, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Forzza RC, Leitman P, Walter BMT, Costa A, Pirani JR, Morim MP, Queiroz LP, Martinelli G, Peixoto AL, Coelho, MAN, Stehmann JR, Baumgratz JFA, Lohmann LG, Hopkins M (2010) Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil—Angiospermas. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/FB000032. Accessed June 2011

  • García-Llorente M, Martín-López B, González JA, Alcorlo P, Montes C (2008) Social perceptions of the impacts and benefits of invasive alien species: implications for management. Biol Conserv 141:2969–2983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes AS, Magalhães AM Jr (2004) Arroz irrigado no sul do Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa

    Google Scholar 

  • Grando MZ, Fochezatto A (2008) Impactos dos investimentos na cadeia florestal sobre a economia do Rio Grande do Sul. Fundação de Economia e Estatística, Porto Alegre

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosse A, Zalba SM, Ziller SR (2004) Web-accessible information on invasive species in the Americas: a multinational invasives information network. In: Proceedings of the experts meeting on Implementation of a global invasive species information network (GISIN), Baltimore. http://www.gisinetwork.org

  • Grosse A, Ziller S, Sellers E (2009) The Americas: invasive species information management and exchange: the IABIN Invasives Information Network (I3N). In: Van Devender TR, Espinosa-Garcia FJ, Harper-Lore BL, Hubbard T (eds) Invasive plants on the move: controlling them in North America. Proceedings of the weeds across borders 2006 conference. Tucson, Arizona, pp 53–58

  • Guadagnin DL, Zalba SM, Costa-Gorriz B, Fonseca CR, Nebbia AJ, Cuevas YA, Emer C, Germain P, Wendland EM, Perello LFC, Bastos MCC, Sanhueza C, Masciadri-Bálsamo S, Villalobos AE (2009) Árvores e arbustos exóticos invasores no Bioma Pampa—questões ecológicas, culturais e socioeconômicas de um desafio crescente. In: Pillar VD, Müller SC, Castilhos ZMS, Jacques AVA (eds) Campos sulinos: conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade. Ministério do Meio Ambiente do Brasil, Brasília, pp 300–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs RJ, Huenneke LF (1992) Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conserv Biol 6:324–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hulme PE (2006) Beyond control: wider implications for the management of biological invasions. J Appl Ecol 43:835–847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • InBUy (2011) National database on biological invasions, Universidad de la República, Montevideo. http://inbuy.fcien.edu.uy/. Accessed 15 May 2011

  • Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (2004) Mapa de Biomas do Brasil. (http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/default_prod.shtm#MAPAS). Accessed 20 July 2011

  • Kaplan R, Kaplan S, Brown T (1989) Environmental preference: a comparison of four domains of predictors. Environ Behav 21:509–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katinas L, Gutiérrez DG, Grossi MA, Crisci JV (2007) Panorama de la familia Asteraceae (=Compositae) en la Republica Argentina. Bol Soc Argent Bot 42:113–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Maitre DC, Versfeld DB, Chapman RA (2000) The impact of invading alien plants on surface water resources in South Africa: a preliminary assessment. Water AS 26:397–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Leenhardt J (2002) Fronteiras, fronteiras culturais e globalização. In: Martins MH (org) Fronteiras culturais: Brasil, Uruguai, Argentina. Ateliê Editorial, Porto Alegre, pp 27–34

  • Leung B, Lodge DM, Finnoff D, Shogren JF, Lewis MA, Lamberti G (2002) An ounce of prevention or a pound of cure: bioeconomic risk analysis of invasive species. Proc R Soc Lond B 269:2407–2413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mack RN, Simberloff D, Lonsdale WM, Evans H, Clout M, Bazzaz FA (2000) Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol Appl 10:689–710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchesi E (2004) Flora y vegetación del Uruguay. In: Faroppa C, Annala K (eds) Informe Ambiental. BOTNIA, Montevideo, pp 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Masciadri S, Brugnoli E, Muniz P (2010) Database of invasive and alien species (IAS) in Uruguay: a useful tool to face this threat on biodiversity. Bio Neotrop 10:205–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews S, Brand K (2005) South America invaded: the growing danger of invasive alien species. GISP (Global Invasive Species Programme). http://www.gisp.org/publications/invaded/gispSAmerica.pdf

  • Mayo CA (1995) Estancia y sociedad en la pampa, 1740–1820. Editorial Biblos, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazzolari CA, Comparatore VM, Bedmar F (2011) Control of elmleaf blackberry invasion in a natural reserve in Argentina. J Nat Conserv 19:185–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCulley RL, Jackson RB (2012) Conversion of tallgrass prairie to woodland: consequences for Carbon and Nitrogen cycling. Am Midl Nat 167:307–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGarry D, Shackelton CM, Gambiza J, Shackelton SE, Fabricius CF (2005) A rapid assessment of the effects of invasive species on human livelihoods, especially of the rural poor. Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeely JA (2001) The great reshuffling: human dimensions of invasive alien species. IUCN, Gland

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz B, Davidson OR, Bosch PR, Dave R, Meyer LA (eds) (2007) Contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell CE, Agrawal AA, Bever JD, Gilbert GS, Hufbauer RA, Klironomos JN, Maron JL, Morris WF, Parker IM, Power AG, Seabloom EW, Torchin ME, Vázques DP (2006) Biotic interactions and plant invasions. Ecol Lett 9:726–740

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney HA, Mack RN, McNeely JA, Neville LE, Schei PJ, Waage JK (2005) Invasive alien species: a new synthesis. Island Press, Covelo

    Google Scholar 

  • Moraes Vázquez AI (2007) Crecimiento del litoral rioplatense colonial y decadencia de la economía misionera: un análisis desde la ganadería. Invest Hist Econ 9:11–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Ordonez A, Wright IJ, Olff H (2010) Functional differences between native and alien species: a global-scale comparison. Funct Ecol 24:1353–1361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Overbeck GE, Muller SC, Fidelis A, Pfadenhauer J, Pillar VD, Blanco CC, Boldrini II, Both R, Forneck ED (2007) Brazil’s neglected biome: the South Brazilian Campos. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 9:101–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paruelo JM (2001) Temperate grasslands. In: Munn T (ed) Encyclopedia of global environmental change, Vol. 2, The Earth system: biological and ecological dimensions of global environmental change. Willey, Chichester, pp 569–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrings C (2005) The socioeconomic links between invasive alien species and poverty. Report for the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP). (http://www.gisp.org/publications/economic/Perrings.pdf.) Accessed 30 Sept 2011

  • Perrings C, Williamson M, Dalmazzone S (eds) (2000) The economics of biological invasions. Island Press, Cheltenham

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesavento SJ (2002) História do Rio Grande do Sul, 3rd edn. Mercado Aberto, Porto Alegre

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson AT, Vieglais DA (2001) Predicting species invasions using ecological niche modeling: new approaches from bioinformatics attack a pressing problem. Bioscience 51:363–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D, McNair S, Janecka J, Wightman J, Simmonds C, O’Connell C, Wong E, Russel L, Zern J, Aquino T, Tsomondo T (2001) Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions. Agric Ecosyst Environ 84:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D, Zuniga R, Morrison D (2005) Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecol Econom 52:273–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PNUMA, CLAES (2008) Geo Mercosur: integración, comercio y ambiente en el Mercosur. PNUMA, Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Panamá City and CLAES, Centro Latino Americano de Ecología Social, Montevideo

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall RP (2002) A global compendium of weeds. RG and FJ Richardson, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DM (1998) Forestry trees as invasive aliens. Conserv Biol 12(1):18–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosengurtt B (1944) Las formaciones campestres y herbáceas del Uruguay. In: Gallinal JP, Bergalli L, Campal EF, Aragone L, Rosengurtt B (eds) Estudios sobre praderas naturales del Uruguay. Agros 134, Montevideo

  • Ruddell EJ, Hammitt WE (1987) Prospect refuge theory: a psychological orientation for edge effect in recreation environments. J Leis Res 19:249–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz GM, Carlton JT (eds) (2003) Invasive species—vectors and management strategies. Island Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanhueza C, Zalba SM (2009) Invasión de retama (Spartium junceum) en las Sierras Australes Bonaerenses: investigación, acción y manejo. In: Cazzaniga, NJ, Arelovich HM (eds) Ambientes y recursos naturales del sudoeste bonaerense: producción, contaminación y conservación. Actas de las V Jornadas Interdisciplinarias del Sudoeste Bonaerense 5:303–314

  • Schneider SS, DeGrandi-Hoffman G, Smith DR (2004) The African honey bee: factors contributing to a successful biological invasion. Annu Rev Entomol 49:351–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott RL, Huxman TE, Williams DG, Goodrich DC (2006) Ecohydrological impacts of woody-plant encroachment: seasonal patterns of water and carbon dioxide exchange within a semiarid riparian environment. Glob Change Biol 12:311–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Secretaria Nacional de Defesa Civil (SNDC) (2011) Defesa civil Brasil. http://www.defesacivil.gov.br/. Accessed 20 June 2011

  • Servicio Geográfico Militar (SGM) (2010) Superficies territoriales. http://www.ejercito.mil.uy/cal/sgm/principal1024.html. Accessed 30 Apr 2010

  • Simberloff D (2005) The politics of assessing risk for biological invasions: the USA as a case study. Trend Ecol Evol 20:216–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson A, Sellers E, Grosse A, Xie Y (2006) Essential elements of online information networks on invasive alien species. Biol Invas 8:1579–1587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson A, Jarnevich C, Madsen J, Westbrooks R, Fournier C, Mehrhoff L, Browne M, Graham J, Sellers E (2009) Invasive species information networks: collaboration at multiple scales for prevention, early detection, and rapid response to invasive alien species. Biodiversity 10:5–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sistema Nacional de Emergencias (SNE) (2011) Sistemas de Información. http://www.sne.gub.uy/. Accessed 19 June 2011

  • Soriano A, León RJC, Sala OE, Lavado RS, Deregibus VA, Cahuepé MA, Scaglia OA, Velazquez CA, Lemcoff JH (1992) Río de la Plata grasslands. In: Coupland RT (ed) Ecosystems of the world—natural grasslands. Elsevier, New York, pp 367–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Souza JAS (1985) O Brasil e o Rio da Prata de 1828 à queda de Rosas. In: Holanda SB (ed) História geral da civilização brasileira, II, O Brasil monárquico. Difel, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss S, Campbell OW, Salamin N (2006) Exotic taxa less related to native species are more invasive. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:5841–5845

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasques GA, Nogueira AS, Kirchner FF, Berger R (2007) Uma síntese da contribuição do gênero Pinus para o desenvolvimento sustentável no sul do Brasil. Floresta 37:445–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Viglizzo EF, Frank FC, Carreño L (2005) Situación ambiental en las ecorregiones Pampa y Campos y Malezales. In: Brown A, Martínez Ortiz U, Acerbi M, Corchera J (eds) La situación ambiental Argentina. Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, Buenos Aires, pp 261–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiens JJ, Graham CH (2005) Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36:519–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson M (1996) Biological invasions. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittenberg R, Cock MJW (2001) Invasive alien species: a toolkit for best prevention and management practices. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon. http://www.gisp.org/publications/toolkit/toolkitsp.pdf

  • Wright JA, DiNicola A, Gaitan E (2000) Latin American forest plantations. J For 98:20–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Zalba SM (2005) El manejo científico. Un terreno común para la investigación, la gestión de áreas protegidas y el conocimiento local. Parques Nac 2:41–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Zalba SM, Villamil CB (2002) Invasion of woody plants in relictual native grasslands. Biol Invas 4:55–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zalba SM, Ziller SR (2007) Adaptive management of alien invasive species: putting the theory into practice. Nat Conserv 5:86–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Zalba SM, Ziller SR (2008) Tools for the prevention of biological invasions: risk analysis and pathways and vectors analysis. I3N—IABIN Invasives Information Network. http://i3n.iabin.net/tools/web_tools.html

Download references

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Beatriz Costa Górriz, Ana Julia Nebbia, Yannina Andrea Cuevas, Eliana Marcia Da Ros Wendland, Luís Fernando Carvalho Perello, Maria Carmen Sestren Bastos, Cristina del Carmen Sanhueza, Ana Elena de Villalobos, Katy Orford for the exchange of ideas and review of early versions of the manuscript. This paper is a product of collaborative scientific meetings held in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil as part of the Programa Sul-Americano de Apoio às Atividades de Cooperação em Ciência e Tecnologia (PROSUL) and was fully supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq: 490629/2007-5, 476818/2008-7). CNPq also provided research fellowships to CRF (303714/2010-7) and DLG (309298/2009-1). SMZ and PG received additional support from CONICET and SGCyT Universidad Nacional del Sur.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Botânica, Ecologia e Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-900, Brazil

    Carlos Roberto Fonseca

  2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil

    Demetrio Luis Guadagnin

  3. School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK

    Carine Emer

  4. Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de la Republica, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Silvana Masciadri

  5. Grupo de Estudios en Conservación y Manejo (GEKKO), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Paola Germain & Sergio Martin Zalba

  6. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Sergio Martin Zalba

Authors
  1. Carlos Roberto Fonseca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Demetrio Luis Guadagnin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Carine Emer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Silvana Masciadri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Paola Germain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sergio Martin Zalba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Demetrio Luis Guadagnin.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOC 484 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fonseca, C.R., Guadagnin, D.L., Emer, C. et al. Invasive alien plants in the Pampas grasslands: a tri-national cooperation challenge. Biol Invasions 15, 1751–1763 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0406-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0406-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation