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Exploring associations between international trade and environmental factors with establishment patterns of exotic Scolytinae

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Abstract

Although invasion of exotic ambrosia beetles (fungus feeders) and bark beetles (phloem feeders) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is considered a major threat to forest health worldwide, no studies have quantitatively investigated the anthropogenic and environmental factors shaping the biogeographical patterns of invasion by these insects across large spatial scales. The primary aim of this study was to assess the relative importance of international trade and several environmental variables of the recipient region on species richness of established exotic Scolytinae. As a reference, we also evaluated the relationships between the same environmental variables and species richness of native Scolytinae. Using an information-theoretic framework for model selection and hierarchical partitioning, we evaluated the relative importance of the potential drivers of species richness of native and exotic Scolytinae in 20 European countries and the 48 contiguous continental US states. Analyses were conducted separately for ambrosia and bark beetle species. Value of imports was a strong predictor of the number of exotic Scolytinae species in both regions. In addition, in the USA, warmer and wetter climate was positively linked to increased numbers of both native and exotic ambrosia beetles. Forest heterogeneity and climatic heterogeneity and secondarily forest area were key drivers in explaining patterns of species richness for native bark beetles but not for exotic species in both regions. Our findings suggest that if current infestation levels continue on imported plants and wood packaging material, increasing international trade will likely lead to more establishments of exotic Scolytinae with concomitant negative effects on forest health in both Europe and the USA. Compared to Europe the risk of invasion appears higher in the USA, especially for ambrosia beetles in the southeastern USA where the climate appears highly suitable for exotic establishment.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the PRATIQUE project (Enhancements of Pest Risk Analysis Techniques) financed through the EU Seventh Research Framework Program (FP7) (Contract No 212459). We thank two anonymous reviewers for the constructive comments that greatly improved early versions of the manuscript; M. Colunga-Garcia, J. LaBonte, D.R. Miller, T.M. Poland, and A. Roques for providing insightful comments and suggestions on earlier versions of the manuscript; M. Knížek and A. Cognato for sharing unpublished data; L. Garrett for providing US economic data; and the many participants of the USDA, Forest Service, Early Detection and Rapid Response project for access to the US Scolytinae collection data for 2007–2010.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Production, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy

    Lorenzo Marini, Edoardo Petrucco Toffolo, Andrea Battisti & Massimo Faccoli

  2. Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1407 S Harrison Road, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA

    Robert A. Haack

  3. Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, 1601N Kent Street, RPC–7, Arlington, VA, 22209, USA

    Robert J. Rabaglia

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  1. Lorenzo Marini
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  2. Robert A. Haack
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  4. Edoardo Petrucco Toffolo
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  5. Andrea Battisti
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Correspondence to Lorenzo Marini.

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Marini, L., Haack, R.A., Rabaglia, R.J. et al. Exploring associations between international trade and environmental factors with establishment patterns of exotic Scolytinae. Biol Invasions 13, 2275–2288 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0039-2

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