Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Targeting inflammation to slow or delay functional decline: where are we?

  • SI: Frailty
  • Published:
Biogerontology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of chronic age-related diseases is increasingly recognized, and inflammation could represent the common pathway linking diseases and disability. Thus, targeting inflammation could represent a useful strategy at preventing or delaying functional decline. In this paper we review recent evidence suggesting that selected drugs, such as statins, fibrates, angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, and physical exercise may be able to contrast functional decline by blunting inflammation. Results from randomized trials investigating the effects of physical activity programs on inflammation and functional decline is still limited, and further investigations are warranted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bahlmann FH, de Groot K, Mueller O, Hertel B, Haller H, Fliser D (2005) Stimulation of endothelial progenitor cells: a new putative therapeutic effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Hypertension 45(4):526–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baidya SG, Zeng QT (2005) Helper T cells and atherosclerosis: the cytokine web. Postgrad Med J 81(962):746–752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bautmans I, Njemini R, Vasseur S, Chabert H, Moens L, Demanet C et al (2005) Biochemical changes in response to intensive resistance exercise training in the elderly. Gerontology 51(4):253–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blake GJ, Ridker PM (2001) Inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis: from laboratory evidence to clinical application. Ital Heart J 2(11):796–800

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruunsgaard H, Andersen-Ranberg K, Hjelmborg JB, Pedersen BK, Jeune B (2003) Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and mortality in centenarians. Am J Med 115(4):278–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KL, Campbell PT, Ulrich CM, Wener M, Alfano CM, Foster-Schubert K et al (2008) No reduction in C-reactive protein following a 12-month randomized controlled trial of exercise in men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(7):1714–1718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canvin JM, el-Gabalawy HS (1999) Anti-inflammatory therapy. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 10(2):301–317

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter CS, Onder G, Kritchevsky SB, Pahor M (2005) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition intervention in elderly persons: effects on body composition and physical performance. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(11):1437–1446

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cazzola M, Ciaprini C, Page CP, Matera MG (2007) Targeting systemic inflammation: novel therapies for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 11(10):1273–1286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cesari M, Penninx BW, Pahor M, Lauretani F, Corsi AM, Rhys Williams G et al (2004) Inflammatory markers and physical performance in older persons: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59(3):242–248

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cesari M, Pedone C, Incalzi RA, Pahor M (2010) ACE-inhibition and physical function: results from the Trial of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors (TRAIN) study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 11(1):26–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang HR, Bistrian B (1998) The role of cytokines in the catabolic consequences of infection and injury. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 22(3):156–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra V, Flanders SA (2009) Does statin use improve pneumonia outcomes? Chest 136(5):1381–1388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra V, Choksi PU, Cavusoglu E (2007) Beyond lipid lowering: the anti-hypertensive role of statins. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 21(3):161–169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen HJ, Pieper CF, Harris T, Rao KM, Currie MS (1997) The association of plasma IL-6 levels with functional disability in community-dwelling elderly. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 52(4):M201–M208

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corsonello A, Pedone C, Incalzi RA (2010) Age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes and related risk of adverse drug reactions. Curr Med Chem 17(6):571–584

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corwin EJ (2000a) Understanding cytokines. Part I: physiology and mechanism of action. Biol Res Nurs 2(1):30–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corwin EJ (2000b) Understanding cytokines. Part II: implications for nursing research and practice. Biol Res Nurs 2(1):41–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dandona P, Dhindsa S, Ghanim H, Chaudhuri A (2007) Angiotensin II and inflammation: the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade. J Hum Hypertens 21(1):20–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dantzer R (2001) Cytokine-induced sickness behavior: mechanisms and implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 933:222–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Martinis M, Franceschi C, Monti D, Ginaldi L (2006) Inflammation markers predicting frailty and mortality in the elderly. Exp Mol Pathol 80(3):219–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drexel H, Saely CH, Langer P, Loruenser G, Marte T, Risch L et al (2008) Metabolic and anti-inflammatory benefits of eccentric endurance exercise—a pilot study. Eur J Clin Invest 38(4):218–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elosua R, Bartali B, Ordovas JM, Corsi AM, Lauretani F, Ferrucci L (2005) Association between physical activity, physical performance, and inflammatory biomarkers in an elderly population: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(6):760–767

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrario CM, Strawn WB (2006) Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and proinflammatory mediators in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 98(1):121–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrucci L, Harris TB, Guralnik JM, Tracy RP, Corti MC, Cohen HJ et al (1999) Serum IL-6 level and the development of disability in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 47(6):639–646

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrucci L, Penninx BW, Volpato S, Harris TB, Bandeen-Roche K, Balfour J et al (2002) Change in muscle strength explains accelerated decline of physical function in older women with high interleukin-6 serum levels. J Am Geriatr Soc 50(12):1947–1954

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Festa A, D’Agostino R Jr, Tracy RP, Haffner SM (2002) Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes 51(4):1131–1137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Figaro MK, Kritchevsky SB, Resnick HE, Shorr RI, Butler J, Shintani A et al (2006) Diabetes, inflammation, and functional decline in older adults: findings from the Health, Aging and Body Composition (ABC) study. Diabetes Care 29(9):2039–2045

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford ES (2002) Does exercise reduce inflammation? Physical activity and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. Epidemiology 13(5):561–568

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi C (2007) Inflammaging as a major characteristic of old people: can it be prevented or cured? Nutr Rev 65(12 Pt 2):S173–S176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi C, Bonafe M (2003) Centenarians as a model for healthy aging. Biochem Soc Trans 31(2):457–461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi C, Capri M, Monti D, Giunta S, Olivieri F, Sevini F et al (2007) Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mech Ageing Dev 128(1):92–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geffken DF, Cushman M, Burke GL, Polak JF, Sakkinen PA, Tracy RP (2001) Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 153(3):242–250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn RJ, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ et al (2009) A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 360(18):1851–1861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldhammer E, Tanchilevitch A, Maor I, Beniamini Y, Rosenschein U, Sagiv M (2005) Exercise training modulates cytokines activity in coronary heart disease patients. Int J Cardiol 100(1):93–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graninger M, Reiter R, Drucker C, Minar E, Jilma B (2004) Angiotensin receptor blockade decreases markers of vascular inflammation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 44(3):335–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammett CJ, Oxenham HC, Baldi JC, Doughty RN, Ameratunga R, French JK et al (2004) Effect of six months’ exercise training on C-reactive protein levels in healthy elderly subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(12):2411–2413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higuchi M, Hatta K, Honma T, Hitomi YH, Kambayashi Y, Hibino Y et al (2010) Association between altered systemic inflammatory interleukin-1beta and natural killer cell activity and subsequently agitation in patients with alzheimer disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 25(6):604–611

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes C, Cunningham C, Zotova E, Woolford J, Dean C, Kerr S et al (2009) Systemic inflammation and disease progression in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 73(10):768–774

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu FC, Kritchevsky SB, Liu Y, Kanaya A, Newman AB, Perry SE et al (2009) Association between inflammatory components and physical function in the health, aging, and body composition study: a principal component analysis approach. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64(5):581–589

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt KJ, Walsh BM, Voegeli D, Roberts HC (2010a) Inflammation in aging. Part 1: physiology and immunological mechanisms. Biol Res Nurs 11(3):245–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt KJ, Walsh BM, Voegeli D, Roberts HC (2010b) Inflammation in aging. Part 2: implications for the health of older people and recommendations for nursing practice. Biol Res Nurs 11(3):253–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda U, Ito T, Shimada K (2001) Interleukin-6 and acute coronary syndrome. Clin Cardiol 24(11):701–704

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankord R, Jemiolo B (2004) Influence of physical activity on serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels in healthy older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(6):960–964

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ji YY, Liu JT, Liu N, Wang ZD, Liu CH (2009) PPARalpha activator fenofibrate modulates angiotensin II-induced inflammatory responses in vascular smooth muscle cells via the TLR4-dependent signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 78(9):1186–1197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jick H, Zornberg GL, Jick SS, Seshadri S, Drachman DA (2000) Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet 356(9242):1627–1631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasapis C, Thompson PD (2005) The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(10):1563–1569

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley GA, Kelley KS (2006) Effects of aerobic exercise on C-reactive protein, body composition, and maximum oxygen consumption in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism 55(11):1500–1507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, Konopka DN, Cunnick JE, Franke WD et al (2006) Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of beta-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain Behav Immun 20(3):201–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger P, Fitzsimmons K, Cook D, Jones M, Nimmo G (2006) Statin therapy is associated with fewer deaths in patients with bacteraemia. Intensive Care Med 32(1):75–79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lakka TA, Lakka HM, Rankinen T, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS et al (2005) Effect of exercise training on plasma levels of C-reactive protein in healthy adults: the HERITAGE Family Study. Eur Heart J 26(19):2018–2025

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laufs U, Liao JK (2003) Isoprenoid metabolism and the pleiotropic effects of statins. Curr Atheroscler Rep 5(5):372–378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leng S, Chaves P, Koenig K, Walston J (2002) Serum interleukin-6 and hemoglobin as physiological correlates in the geriatric syndrome of frailty: a pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc 50(7):1268–1271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li JJ, Fang CH (2004) Atheroscleritis is a more rational term for the pathological entity currently known as atherosclerosis. Med Hypotheses 63(1):100–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Higdon R, Kukull WA, Peskind E, Van Valen Moore K, Tsuang D et al (2004) Statin therapy and risk of dementia in the elderly: a community-based prospective cohort study. Neurology 63(9):1624–1628

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Larson EB, Sonnen JA, Shofer JB, Petrie EC, Schantz A et al (2007) Statin therapy is associated with reduced neuropathologic changes of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 69(9):878–885

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libby P (2002) Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 420(6917):868–874

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libby P (2006) Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 83(2):456S–460S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libby P, Plutzky J (2007) Inflammation in diabetes mellitus: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists. Am J Cardiol 99(4A):27B–40B

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK (2009) Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol 54(23):2129–2138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Licastro F, Candore G, Lio D, Porcellini E, Colonna-Romano G, Franceschi C et al (2005) Innate immunity and inflammation in ageing: a key for understanding age-related diseases. Immun Ageing 2:8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majka DS, Chang RW, Vu TH, Palmas W, Geffken DF, Ouyang P et al (2009) Physical activity and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Prev Med 36(1):56–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marx N, Duez H, Fruchart JC, Staels B (2004) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and atherogenesis: regulators of gene expression in vascular cells. Circ Res 94(9):1168–1178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattusch F, Dufaux B, Heine O, Mertens I, Rost R (2000) Reduction of the plasma concentration of C-reactive protein following nine months of endurance training. Int J Sports Med 21(1):21–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Mehra MR (2004) Reduction in C-reactive protein through cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(6):1056–1061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moldawer LL, Copeland EM III (1997) Proinflammatory cytokines, nutritional support, and the cachexia syndrome: interactions and therapeutic options. Cancer 79(9):1828–1839

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montecucco F, Pende A, Mach F (2009) The renin-angiotensin system modulates inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis: evidence from basic research and clinical studies. Mediat Inflamm 752406

  • Mora S, Lee IM, Buring JE, Ridker PM (2006) Association of physical activity and body mass index with novel and traditional cardiovascular biomarkers in women. JAMA 295(12):1412–1419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, Wiviott SD, Blazing MA, Shui A et al (2006) Clinical relevance of C-reactive protein during follow-up of patients with acute coronary syndromes in the Aggrastat-to-Zocor Trial. Circulation 114(4):281–288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mutez E, Duhamel A, Defebvre L, Bordet R, Destee A, Kreisler A (2009) Lipid-lowering drugs are associated with delayed onset and slower course of Parkinson’s disease. Pharmacol Res 60(1):41–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myint AM, Kim YK (2003) Cytokine-serotonin interaction through IDO: a neurodegeneration hypothesis of depression. Med Hypotheses 61(5–6):519–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicklas BJ, Brinkley TE (2009) Exercise training as a treatment for chronic inflammation in the elderly. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 37(4):165–170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicklas BJ, Hsu FC, Brinkley TJ, Church T, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB et al (2008) Exercise training and plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc 56(11):2045–2052

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onder G, Vedova CD, Pahor M (2006) Effects of ACE inhibitors on skeletal muscle. Curr Pharm Des 12(16):2057–2064

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onder G, Della Vedova C, Landi F (2009) Validated treatments and therapeutics prospectives regarding pharmacological products for sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging 13(8):746–756

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paffen E, DeMaat MP (2006) C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis: a causal factor? Cardiovasc Res 71(1):30–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paumelle R, Staels B (2008) Cross-talk between statins and PPARalpha in cardiovascular diseases: clinical evidence and basic mechanisms. Trends Cardiovasc Med 18(3):73–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Payette H, Roubenoff R, Jacques PF, Dinarello CA, Wilson PW, Abad LW et al (2003) Insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin 6 predict sarcopenia in very old community-living men and women: the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 51(9):1237–1243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen M, Bruunsgaard H, Weis N, Hendel HW, Andreassen BU, Eldrup E et al (2003) Circulating levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6-relation to truncal fat mass and muscle mass in healthy elderly individuals and in patients with type-2 diabetes. Mech Ageing Dev 124(4):495–502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penninx BW, Abbas H, Ambrosius W, Nicklas BJ, Davis C, Messier SP et al (2004a) Inflammatory markers and physical function among older adults with knee osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 31(10):2027–2031

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penninx BW, Pahor M, Cesari M, Corsi AM, Woodman RC, Bandinelli S et al (2004b) Anemia is associated with disability and decreased physical performance and muscle strength in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 52(5):719–724

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM (2001) C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 286(3):327–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott E, Hjardem-Hansen R, Dela F, Orkild B, Teisner AS, Nielsen H (2009) Effects of a 14-month low-cost maintenance training program in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: a randomized study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 16(4):430–437

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM (2010) Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 362(4):329–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH (2006) Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol 27(1):24–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid MB, Li YP (2001) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and muscle wasting: a cellular perspective. Respir Res 2(5):269–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, Downs JR, Weis SE, Miles JS et al (2001) Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med 344(26):1959–1965

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH et al (2005a) C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 352(1):20–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM, Morrow DA, Rose LM, Rifai N, Cannon CP, Braunwald E (2005b) Relative efficacy of atorvastatin 80 mg and pravastatin 40 mg in achieving the dual goals of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <70 mg/dl and C-reactive protein <2 mg/l: an analysis of the PROVE-IT TIMI-22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(10):1644–1648

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ et al (2008) Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 359(21):2195–2207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ et al (2009a) Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet 373(9670):1175–1182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJ et al (2009b) Number needed to treat with rosuvastatin to prevent first cardiovascular events and death among men and women with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: justification for the use of statins in prevention: an intervention trial evaluating rosuvastatin (JUPITER). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2(6):616–623

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rockwood K, Kirkland S, Hogan DB, MacKnight C, Merry H, Verreault R et al (2002) Use of lipid-lowering agents, indication bias, and the risk of dementia in community-dwelling elderly people. Arch Neurol 59(2):223–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross R (1999) Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 340(2):115–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah RS, Lee HG, Xiongwei Z, Perry G, Smith MA, Castellani RJ (2008) Current approaches in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother 62(4):199–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE, Krishnaswamy G, Berk S (1999) Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA 281(18):1722–1727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Starkweather AR (2007) The effects of exercise on perceived stress and IL-6 levels among older adults. Biol Res Nurs 8(3):186–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strawn WB, Dean RH, Ferrario CM (2000) Novel mechanisms linking angiotensin II and early atherogenesis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 1(1):11–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strawn WB, Richmond RS, Ann Tallant E, Gallagher PE, Ferrario CM (2004) Renin-angiotensin system expression in rat bone marrow haematopoietic and stromal cells. Br J Haematol 126(1):120–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taaffe DR, Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Rowe J, Seeman TE (2000) Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein with physical performance in elderly persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55(12):M709–M715

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terblanche M, Almog Y, Rosenson RS, Smith TS, Hackam DG (2007) Statins and sepsis: multiple modifications at multiple levels. Lancet Infect Dis 7(5):358–368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman KL, Flynn MG, Coen PM, Markofski MM, Pence BD (2008) Exercise training-induced lowering of inflammatory (CD14+CD16+) monocytes: a role in the anti-inflammatory influence of exercise? J Leukoc Biol 84(5):1271–1278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tisi PV, Hulse M, Chulakadabba A, Gosling P, Shearman CP (1997) Exercise training for intermittent claudication: does it adversely affect biochemical markers of the exercise-induced inflammatory response? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 14(5):344–350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tziomalos K, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP (2009) Anti-inflammatory effects of fibrates: an overview. Curr Med Chem 16(6):676–684

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Visser M, Pahor M, Taaffe DR, Goodpaster BH, Simonsick EM, Newman AB et al (2002) Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 57(5):M326–M332

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Visser M, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Nevitt M, Rubin SM et al (2005) Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(3):324–333

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldman A, Kritharides L (2003) The pleiotropic effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: their role in osteoporosis and dementia. Drugs 63(2):139–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walston J, McBurnie MA, Newman A, Tracy RP, Kop WJ, Hirsch CH et al (2002) Frailty and activation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical comorbidities: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 162(20):2333–2341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang CH, Li SH, Weisel RD, Fedak PW, Dumont AS, Szmitko P et al (2003) C-reactive protein upregulates angiotensin type 1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle. Circulation 107(13):1783–1790

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Whincup PH, Rumley A, Walker M, Lennon L (2002) Physical activity and hemostatic and inflammatory variables in elderly men. Circulation 105(15):1785–1790

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AM, Ryan MC, Boyle AJ (2006) The novel role of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease: risk marker or pathogen. Int J Cardiol 106(3):291–297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolozin B, Kellman W, Ruosseau P, Celesia GG, Siegel G (2000) Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer disease associated with 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Arch Neurol 57(10):1439–1443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Working Group on Functional Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials (2008) Functional outcomes for clinical trials in frail older persons: time to be moving. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63(2):160–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaffe K, Barrett-Connor E, Lin F, Grady D (2002) Serum lipoprotein levels, statin use, and cognitive function in older women. Arch Neurol 59(3):378–384

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh ET (2004) CRP as a mediator of disease. Circulation 109(21 Suppl 1): II11–II14

    Google Scholar 

  • Zambon A, Gervois P, Pauletto P, Fruchart JC, Staels B (2006) Modulation of hepatic inflammatory risk markers of cardiovascular diseases by PPAR-alpha activators: clinical and experimental evidence. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26(5):977–986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Pilon G, Marette A, Baracos VE (2000) Cytokines and endotoxin induce cytokine receptors in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279(1):E196–E205

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoppini G, Targher G, Zamboni C, Venturi C, Cacciatori V, Moghetti P et al (2006) Effects of moderate-intensity exercise training on plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 16(8):543–549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Geriatric Pharmacoepidemiology, Research Hospital of Cosenza, Italian National Research Centre on Aging (INRCA), C. da Muoio Piccolo, 87100, Cosenza, Italy

    Andrea Corsonello & Sabrina Garasto

  2. Italian National Research Centre on Aging (INRCA), Scientific Direction, Ancona, Italy

    Angela Marie Abbatecola, Silvia Bustacchini & Fabrizia Lattanzio

  3. Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

    Giuseppina Rose & Giuseppe Passarino

  4. Unit of Geriatric Medicine and Stroke Unit, Research Hospital of Cosenza, Italian National Research Centre on Aging (INRCA), Cosenza, Italy

    Bruno Mazzei & Luigi Pranno

  5. Unit of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Research Hospital of Casatenovo, Italian National Research Centre on Aging (INRCA), Casatenovo, Italy

    Enrico Eugenio Guffanti

Authors
  1. Andrea Corsonello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sabrina Garasto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Angela Marie Abbatecola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Giuseppina Rose
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Giuseppe Passarino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Bruno Mazzei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Luigi Pranno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Enrico Eugenio Guffanti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Silvia Bustacchini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Fabrizia Lattanzio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrea Corsonello.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Corsonello, A., Garasto, S., Abbatecola, A.M. et al. Targeting inflammation to slow or delay functional decline: where are we?. Biogerontology 11, 603–614 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-010-9289-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-010-9289-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation