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Convergent evolution of aquatic life by sexual and parthenogenetic oribatid mites

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Abstract

Convergent evolution is one of the main drivers of traits and phenotypes in animals and plants. Here, we investigated the minimum number of independent colonisations of marine and freshwater habitats in derived oribatid mites (Brachypylina), a mainly terrestrial taxon. Furthermore, we investigated whether the reproductive mode (sexual vs. thelytokous) is associated with the habitat type (marine, freshwater) where the animals live. We hypothesized that continuous resource availability in freshwater systems fosters asexual reproduction. We used 18S rDNA sequences to construct a molecular phylogeny of oribatid mites from terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats. The results indicate that aquatic life in oribatid mites evolved at least 3×: once in Limnozetoidea (including only freshwater taxa) and at least twice in Ameronothroidea. In Ameronothroidea the taxon Ameronothridae n. gen. (nr. Aquanothrus) colonized fresh water independently from Selenoribatidae and Fortuyniidae (mainly marine Ameronothroidea). Reproductive mode was associated neither with marine nor with freshwater life; rather, in both habitats sexual and parthenogenetic taxa occur. However, the reproductive mode was related to the stability of the habitat. Species that live underwater permanently tend to be parthenogenetic whereas taxa whose life cycle is often interrupted by flooding, such as marine oribatid mites, or by desiccation, e.g., freshwater-living Ameronothridae n. gen. (nr. Aquanothrus) (Ameronothroidea) species, are mainly sexual, indicating that continuous access to resources indeed favours parthenogenetic reproduction. Findings of our study therefore suggest that parthenogenetic reproduction is not selected for by disturbances but by unlimited access to resources.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Roy A. Norton for sending species of Ameronothridae n. gen. (nr. Aquanothrus), Hydrozetes and Limnozetes and for commenting on earlier versions of the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Straße 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany

    Alena Krause, Patrick Pachl, Garvin Schulz, Ina Schaefer, Stefan Scheu & Mark Maraun

  2. Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826, Görlitz, Germany

    Ricarda Lehmitz

  3. Department of Ecology, University of Technology and Sciences, Ks. Kordeckiego 20, 85-225, Bydgoszcz, Poland

    Anna Seniczak

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  1. Alena Krause
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  2. Patrick Pachl
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Correspondence to Mark Maraun.

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Fig. S1

Phylogenetic tree of terrestrial and aquatic oribatid mites (Brachypylina) with three outgroup taxa (Desmonomata) based on the ribosomal 18S rDNA reconstructed with the Maximum Likelihood algorithm RAxML. Numbers on nodes represent bootstrap values; values below 70 are not shown. Marine taxa are marked in red, freshwater taxa in blue and terrestrial taxa in black. (PPTX 60 kb)

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Krause, A., Pachl, P., Schulz, G. et al. Convergent evolution of aquatic life by sexual and parthenogenetic oribatid mites. Exp Appl Acarol 70, 439–453 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-016-0089-3

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