Abstract
Most deaths associated with breast cancer, the most common malignancy in women, are caused by metastasis. Tumor associated macrophages significantly contribute to breast cancer progression and development of metastasis through the promotion of angiogenesis which involves a central regulator of macrophage functions: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Macrophages are activated by macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) and chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) to secrete angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The release of MCSF from tumor cells is mediated by ectodomain shedding through tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme activation (TACE). Here we determined whether tumor cells TACE-shed MCSF promotes angiogenesis through activation of the NF-κB pathway in macrophages and the subsequent release of VEGF. These interactions were modeled in vitro using a panel of mammary cells mimicking the breast cancer progression from normal murine mammary gland cells to metastatic 4T1 cells along with J774 macrophages, all derived from BALB/c mice. TACE and MCSF expressions were higher in metastatic cells compared to epithelial cells (p < 0.05). Tumor conditioned medias activated the expression of VEGF by macrophages through stimulation of the NF-κB pathway and resulting macrophage secretions that promoted high levels of endothelial cell tubes. Furthermore, the combinations of CCL2, also highly expressed by tumor cells, and MCSF promoted pro-angiogenic macrophages. These results highlight the key role of tumor cell TACE-shed MCSF and secreted CCL2 in stimulating pro-angiogenic macrophages.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Howlader N, Ries LA, Mariotto AB, Reichman ME, Ruhl J, Cronin KA (2010) Improved estimates of cancer-specific survival rates from population-based data. J Natl Cancer Inst 102(20):1584–1598. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq366
American Cancer Society (2013) Cancer Facts and Figures 2013. American Cancer Society, Atlanta
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144(5):646–674. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
Lin EY, Pollard JW (2004) Macrophages: modulators of breast cancer progression. Novartis Found Symp 256:158–168 discussion 168–172, 259–169
Kelly PM, Davison RS, Bliss E, McGee JO (1988) Macrophages in human breast disease: a quantitative immunohistochemical study. Br J Cancer 57(2):174–177
Mantovani A, Sica A, Locati M (2005) Macrophage polarization comes of age. Immunity 23(4):344–346. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.10.001
Pollard JW (2008) Macrophages define the invasive microenvironment in breast cancer. J Leukoc Biol 84(3):623–630. doi:10.1189/jlb.1107762
Sica A, Bronte V (2007) Altered macrophage differentiation and immune dysfunction in tumor development. J Clin Invest 117(5):1155–1166. doi:10.1172/JCI31422
Arribas J, Esselens C (2009) ADAM17 as a therapeutic target in multiple diseases. Curr Pharm Des 15(20):2319–2335
Kenny PA, Bissell MJ (2007) Targeting TACE-dependent EGFR ligand shedding in breast cancer. J Clin Invest 117(2):337–345. doi:10.1172/JCI29518
Horiuchi K, Miyamoto T, Takaishi H, Hakozaki A, Kosaki N, Miyauchi Y, Furukawa M, Takito J, Kaneko H, Matsuzaki K, Morioka H, Blobel CP, Toyama Y (2007) Cell surface colony-stimulating factor 1 can be cleaved by TNF-α converting enzyme or endocytosed in a clathrin-dependent manner. J Immunol 179(10):6715–6724
Black RA, Rauch CT, Kozlosky CJ, Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Wolfson MF, Castner BJ, Stocking KL, Reddy P, Srinivasan S, Nelson N, Boiani N, Schooley KA, Gerhart M, Davis R, Fitzner JN, Johnson RS, Paxton RJ, March CJ, Cerretti DP (1997) A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells. Nature 385(6618):729–733. doi:10.1038/385729a0
Lee DC, Sunnarborg SW, Hinkle CL, Myers TJ, Stevenson MY, Russell WE, Castner BJ, Gerhart MJ, Paxton RJ, Black RA, Chang A, Jackson LF (2003) TACE/ADAM17 processing of EGFR ligands indicates a role as a physiological convertase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 995:22–38
Tsakadze NL, Sithu SD, Sen U, English WR, Murphy G, D’Souza SE (2006) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM-17) mediates the ectodomain cleavage of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). J Biol Chem 281(6):3157–3164. doi:10.1074/jbc.M510797200
Dovas A, Patsialou A, Harney AS, Condeelis J, Cox D (2012) Imaging interactions between macrophages and tumour cells that are involved in metastasis in vivo and in vitro. J Microsc. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.2012.03667.x
Qian BZ, Li J, Zhang H, Kitamura T, Zhang J, Campion LR, Kaiser EA, Snyder LA, Pollard JW (2011) CCL2 recruits inflammatory monocytes to facilitate breast-tumour metastasis. Nature 475(7355):222–225. doi:10.1038/nature10138
Low-Marchelli JM, Ardi VC, Vizcarra EA, van Rooijen N, Quigley JP, Yang J (2013) Twist1 induces CCL2 and recruits macrophages to promote angiogenesis. Cancer Res 73(2):662–671. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-0653
Mantovani A, Sozzani S, Locati M, Allavena P, Sica A (2002) Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol 23(11):549–555
Kluger HM, Dolled-Filhart M, Rodov S, Kacinski BM, Camp RL, Rimm DL (2004) Macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor expression is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer by large cohort tissue microarray analysis. Clin Cancer Res 10(1 Pt 1):173–177
Scholl SM, Lidereau R, de la Rochefordiere A, Le-Nir CC, Mosseri V, Nogues C, Pouillart P, Stanley FR (1996) Circulating levels of the macrophage colony stimulating factor CSF-1 in primary and metastatic breast cancer patients. A pilot study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 39(3):275–283
Wyckoff JB, Wang Y, Lin EY, Li JF, Goswami S, Stanley ER, Segall JE, Pollard JW, Condeelis J (2007) Direct visualization of macrophage-assisted tumor cell intravasation in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 67(6):2649–2656. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1823
Curry JM, Eubank TD, Roberts RD, Wang Y, Pore N, Maity A, Marsh CB (2008) M-CSF signals through the MAPK/ERK pathway via Sp1 to induce VEGF production and induces angiogenesis in vivo. PLoS ONE 3(10):e3405. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003405
Lin EY, Li JF, Gnatovskiy L, Deng Y, Zhu L, Grzesik DA, Qian H, Xue XN, Pollard JW (2006) Macrophages regulate the angiogenic switch in a mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res 66(23):11238–11246. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1278
McDougall SR, Anderson AR, Chaplain MA (2006) Mathematical modelling of dynamic adaptive tumour-induced angiogenesis: clinical implications and therapeutic targeting strategies. J Theor Biol 241(3):564–589. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.12.022
Weigand M, Hantel P, Kreienberg R, Waltenberger J (2005) Autocrine vascular endothelial growth factor signalling in breast cancer. Evidence from cell lines and primary breast cancer cultures in vitro. Angiogenesis 8(3):197–204. doi:10.1007/s10456-005-9010-0
Rugo HS (2004) Bevacizumab in the treatment of breast cancer: rationale and current data. Oncologist 9(Suppl 1):43–49
Cohen MH, Gootenberg J, Keegan P, Pazdur R (2007) FDA drug approval summary: bevacizumab plus FOLFOX4 as second-line treatment of colorectal cancer. Oncologist 12(3):356–361. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.12-3-356
Brufsky AM, Hurvitz S, Perez E, Swamy R, Valero V, O’Neill V, Rugo HS (2011) RIBBON-2: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy for second-line treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 29(32):4286–4293. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.34.1255
Kiriakidis S, Andreakos E, Monaco C, Foxwell B, Feldmann M, Paleolog E (2003) VEGF expression in human macrophages is NF-κB-dependent: studies using adenoviruses expressing the endogenous NF-κB inhibitor IκBα and a kinase-defective form of the IκB kinase 2. J Cell Sci 116(Pt 4):665–674
Wang Y, Mo X, Piper MG, Wang H, Parinandi NL, Guttridge D, Marsh CB (2011) M-CSF induces monocyte survival by activating NF-κB p65 phosphorylation at Ser276 via protein kinase C. PLoS ONE 6(12):e28081. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028081
Oeckinghaus A, Hayden MS, Ghosh S (2011) Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways. Nat Immunol 12(8):695–708. doi:10.1038/ni.2065
Wang G, Chen C, Yang R, Cao X, Lai S, Luo X, Feng Y, Xia X, Gong J, Hu J (2013) p55PIK-PI3K stimulates angiogenesis in colorectal cancer cell by activating NF-κB pathway. Angiogenesis. doi:10.1007/s10456-013-9336-y
Karin M (2006) Nuclear factor-κB in cancer development and progression. Nature 441(7092):431–436. doi:10.1038/nature04870
Maxson S, Burg KJ (2008) Conditioned media cause increases in select osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation markers in mesenchymal stem cell cultures. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2(2–3):147–154. doi:10.1002/term.76
Youn JI, Nagaraj S, Collazo M, Gabrilovich DI (2008) Subsets of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-bearing mice. J Immunol 181(8):5791–5802
Swamydas M, Nguyen D, Allen LD, Eddy J, Dreau D (2011) Progranulin stimulated by LPA promotes the migration of aggressive breast cancer cells. Cell Commun Adhes 18(6):119–130. doi:10.3109/15419061.2011.641042
Rego SL, Swamydas M, Kidiyoor A, Helms R, De Piante A, Lance AL, Mukherjee P, Dreau D (2013) Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors shed by breast tumor cells inhibit macrophage chemotaxis. J Interferon Cytokine Res. doi:10.1089/jir.2013.0009
Arnaoutova I, Kleinman HK (2010) In vitro angiogenesis: endothelial cell tube formation on gelled basement membrane extract. Nat Protoc 5(4):628–635. doi:10.1038/nprot.2010.6
Arnaoutova I, George J, Kleinman HK, Benton G (2009) The endothelial cell tube formation assay on basement membrane turns 20: state of the science and the art. Angiogenesis 12(3):267–274. doi:10.1007/s10456-009-9146-4
Lewis JS, Landers RJ, Underwood JC, Harris AL, Lewis CE (2000) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by macrophages is up-regulated in poorly vascularized areas of breast carcinomas. J Pathol 192(2):150–158. doi:10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<:AID-PATH687>3.0.CO;2-G
Lance A, Yang CC, Swamydas M, Dean D, Deitch S, Burg KJ, Dreau D (2013) Increased extracellular matrix density decreases MCF10A breast cell acinus formation in 3D culture conditions. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. doi:10.1002/term.1675
Swamydas M, Eddy JM, Burg KJ, Dreau D (2010) Matrix compositions and the development of breast acini and ducts in 3D cultures. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 46(8):673–684. doi:10.1007/s11626-010-9323-1
Lin CW, Shen SC, Ko CH, Lin HY, Chen YC (2010) Reciprocal activation of macrophages and breast carcinoma cells by nitric oxide and colony-stimulating factor-1. Carcinogenesis 31(12):2039–2048. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgq172
Bohrer LR, Schwertfeger KL (2012) Macrophages promote fibroblast growth factor receptor-driven tumor cell migration and invasion in a CXCR2-dependent manner. Mol Cancer Res 10(10):1294–1305. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-12-0275
Bingle L, Lewis CE, Corke KP, Reed MW, Brown NJ (2006) Macrophages promote angiogenesis in human breast tumour spheroids in vivo. Br J Cancer 94(1):101–107. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602901
Druker BJ, Tamura S, Buchdunger E, Ohno S, Segal GM, Fanning S, Zimmermann J, Lydon NB (1996) Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of Bcr-Abl positive cells. Nat Med 2(5):561–566
McGowan PM, Ryan BM, Hill AD, McDermott E, O’Higgins N, Duffy MJ (2007) ADAM-17 expression in breast cancer correlates with variables of tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res 13(8):2335–2343. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2092
Trad A, Riese M, Shomali M, Hedeman N, Effenberger T, Grotzinger J, Lorenzen I (2013) The disintegrin domain of ADAM17 antagonises fibroblastcarcinoma cell interactions. Int J Oncol 42(5):1793–1800. doi:10.3892/ijo 2013.1864
Zheng Y, Schlondorff J, Blobel CP (2002) Evidence for regulation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha-convertase (TACE) by protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPH1. J Biol Chem 277(45):42463–42470. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207459200
Beck AH, Espinosa I, Edris B, Li R, Montgomery K, Zhu S, Varma S, Marinelli RJ, van de Rijn M, West RB (2009) The macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 response signature in breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 15(3):778–787. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1283
Hamilton JA (2008) Colony-stimulating factors in inflammation and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 8(7):533–544. doi:10.1038/nri2356
Eubank TD, Galloway M, Montague CM, Waldman WJ, Marsh CB (2003) M-CSF induces vascular endothelial growth factor production and angiogenic activity from human monocytes. J Immunol 171(5):2637–2643
Biswas SK, Lewis CE (2010) NF-κB as a central regulator of macrophage function in tumors. J Leukoc Biol 88(5):877–884. doi:10.1189/jlb.0310153
Hagemann T, Biswas SK, Lawrence T, Sica A, Lewis CE (2009) Regulation of macrophage function in tumors: the multifaceted role of NF-κB. Blood 113(14):3139–3146. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-12-172825
Karin M, Greten FR (2005) NF-κB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nat Rev Immunol 5(10):749–759. doi:10.1038/nri1703
Gray MJ, Poljakovic M, Kepka-Lenhart D, Morris SM Jr (2005) Induction of arginase I transcription by IL-4 requires a composite DNA response element for STAT6 and C/EBPβ. Gene 353(1):98–106. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.04.004
Salcedo R, Resau JH, Halverson D, Hudson EA, Dambach M, Powell D, Wasserman K, Oppenheim JJ (2000) Differential expression and responsiveness of chemokine receptors (CXCR1-3) by human microvascular endothelial cells and umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J 14(13):2055–2064. doi:10.1096/fj.99-0963com
Varney ML, Olsen KJ, Mosley RL, Singh RK (2005) Paracrine regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor—a expression during macrophage-melanoma cell interaction: role of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Interferon Cytokine Res 25(11):674–683. doi:10.1089/jir.2005.25.674
Kim KB, Sosman JA, Fruehauf JP, Linette GP, Markovic SN, McDermott DF, Weber JS, Nguyen H, Cheverton P, Chen D, Peterson AC, Carson WE 3rd, O’Day SJ (2012) BEAM: a randomized phase II study evaluating the activity of bevacizumab in combination with carboplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with previously untreated advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 30(1):34–41. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.34.6270
Rego SL, Helms RS, Dréau D (2013) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme activities and tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. Immunol Res. doi: 10.1007/s12026-013-8434-7
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Amritha Kidiyoor for her diligent review of this manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the Department of Defense (Era of Hope program # BC044778) and the National Science Foundation (EFRI program # CBE0736007).
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rego, S.L., Helms, R.S. & Dréau, D. Breast tumor cell TACE-shed MCSF promotes pro-angiogenic macrophages through NF-κB signaling. Angiogenesis 17, 573–585 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-013-9405-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-013-9405-2