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The Interaction of Intramuscular Ketorolac (Toradol) and Concussion in a Rat Model

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction of a single dose of Toradol and head impact in an in vivo rat model for sport-related concussion using a validated rat concussion model. Thirty-five Sprague–Dawley rats were placed into one of four groups: (1) Control, (2) Impact Only, (3) Toradol Only, (4) Impact and Toradol. Animals in the impact groups were subjected to a single head impact. Animals in the Toradol group received a single intramuscular injection of Toradol prior to impact. We examined magnetic resonance imaging, serum S100-B and cognitive function using a Morris Water Maze. In the control group, latency decreased significantly from day 0 (74.9 s) to 24 h (57.4 s) after anesthesia. There was no statistically significant difference between time zero and 24 h after impact in the Impact only or Impact and Toradol group. Our findings indicate that there were no differences between cognitive ability, MRI findings or S100B in rats that were administered a single dose of Toradol and subjected to a single impact and rats that were subjected to a single impact only. In both impact groups there were transient changes in cognitive ability as measured by the Morris Water Maze.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Amanda Luba and Dr. Yimin Shen for their assistance with data collection. This study was funded internally. There are no financial conflicts of interest for any authors. This study was conducted at the Wayne State University Sports Injury Biomechanics Laboratory located at 818 W. Hancock, Detroit, MI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan - Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, 2074 IAVS, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA

    Amanda O. Esquivel

  2. Wayne State University, 818 W. Hancock, Detroit, MI, USA

    Sarah S. Sherman & Stephen E. Lemos

  3. Keck School of Medicine, The University of Southern California, Mudd Memorial Research Building, 1333 San Pablo Street, Room 116, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Cynthia A. Bir

  4. Department of Sports Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, 28800 Ryan Rd, Warren, MI, 48092, USA

    Stephen E. Lemos

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  1. Amanda O. Esquivel
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Correspondence to Amanda O. Esquivel.

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Associate Editor Stefan M. Duma oversaw the review of this article.

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Esquivel, A.O., Sherman, S.S., Bir, C.A. et al. The Interaction of Intramuscular Ketorolac (Toradol) and Concussion in a Rat Model. Ann Biomed Eng 45, 1581–1588 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-017-1809-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-017-1809-5

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