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Stromatolites from the Aptian Crato Formation, a hypersaline lake system in the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil

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Abstract

The origin of the Cretaceous laminites of the Crato Formation, Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil, has been intensely debated since the beginning of the last century. The monotonous, up to 10-m-thick succession composed of very fine fossiliferous laminites in the middle of the unit lacked diagnostic features for assigning a chemically or biologically induced origin for this facies. The presence of a highly diverse and very well preserved allochthonous to parautochthonous fossil assemblage, associated with scattered halite pseudomorphs throughout the succession, led many authors to believe that these limestones were chemically deposited in a highly stressful, evaporitic shallow-water environment, such as a hypersaline lake close to marine environments. Recently, a micro- and ultrastructural analysis of the laminites yielded structures undoubtedly associated with a biological origin. Several examples of lithified in situ preserved coccoid and filamentous cells and extracellular polymeric substances suggest that the deposition of the laminated limestones was, at some levels, strongly influenced by microbial activity. Here, we record various examples of stromatolite microbialites (mounds, domes, and pseudo-columns) found at distinct stratigraphic levels in the middle part of the Crato Formation. Macro-, meso-, and microscopic features confirm the biologically induced mineralization and the existence of metabolic activity of microbes during the formation of the laminites. Biomat growth may also have played a major role in the excellent preservation of fossils in this famous Cretaceous Konservat-Lagerstätte from Brazil.

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Acknowledgements

We are deeply indebted to Pablo Suarez-Gonzalez, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, for his very constructive comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. The reviews by Eduardo Roemers-Oliveira and an anonymous reviewer are also gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank Suzana Aparecida Matos da Silva for assistance in the field and photography. Financial supported by CNPq (Grants 444070/2014-1, 401039/2014-5, 30017/2015-3), FAPESP (Grant 2014/27337-8, 2004/15786-0) and Petrobras (0050.0023165.06.4) is gratefully acknowledged. We also thank the Center for Geosciences Applied to Petroleum Geology, São Paulo State University (UNESPetro-UNESP), for the laboratory facilities for Scanning Electron Microscopy, petrographic macroscopy and magnifier stereoscopy. This research was conducted with institutional support of the São Paulo State University-UNESP, Brazil. Assine, M.G. Simões and L.V. Warren are fellows of the CNPq.

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  1. Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil

    Lucas Veríssimo Warren, Filipe Giovanini Varejão, Fernanda Quaglio & Mario Luis Assine

  2. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, 18618-000, Brazil

    Marcello Guimarães Simões

  3. GeoZentrum Nordbayern, FG Paläoumwelt, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstr 28, 91054, Erlangen, Germany

    Franz Theodor Fürsich

  4. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas (UNLP-Conicet), Diagonal 113 nº 275, esq. 64, 1900, La Plata, Argentina

    Daniel Gustavo Poiré

  5. Petróleo Brasileiro-Matriz, Centro, Avenida República do Chile, 65, Rio de Janeiro, 20031-912, Brazil

    Bruno Catto

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  1. Lucas Veríssimo Warren
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Warren, L.V., Varejão, F.G., Quaglio, F. et al. Stromatolites from the Aptian Crato Formation, a hypersaline lake system in the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. Facies 63, 3 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-016-0484-6

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