Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the ban of Gusathion® (azinphosmethyl) as insecticide in Swedish apple orchards on tortricid moth population density and tortricid-induced crop damage. In addition, the effects on growers’ management strategies, such as choice of spraying dates and alternative insecticide combinations, were studied. Populations of Adoxophyes orana, Archips podana, Archips rosana, Cydia pomonella, Pandemis heparana, Hedya nubiferana, and Spilonota ocellana were monitored using sex-pheromone traps during the four consecutive seasons of 2008–2011, with annual crop damage estimates made prior to harvest. Azinphosmethyl was banned after 2008. Significantly increasing population densities were observed in A. orana, A. podana, C. pomonella, and H. nubiferana, whereas correspondingly increasing crop damage was observed only in the case of C. pomonella. The growers’ management strategies, with respect to number and timing of spray applications, did not change during the study period although the insecticides available after the ban were less persistent and more specific, i.e., either with primarily ovicidal or larvicidal effect. Analysis of a broad range of factors showed that temperatures during winter and spring, number and timing of insecticide applications, and usage of azinphosmethyl in 2008 were important factors affecting population size and the damage caused by the tortricid species studied.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to dedicate this paper to the late Mr. Ingvar Svensson for his help and support in this study and for his tremendous work on taxonomy of tortricid species (published in Swedish). The authors also thank Christer Tornéus, Henrik Stridh, and the apple growers involved in the project, and the Swedish Board of Agriculture and Peter Maxin for access to weather data. The project was funded by the Swedish Farmers’ Foundation for Agricultural Research, the Swedish Board of Agriculture, Tillväxt trädgård, Partnerskap Alnarp, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry. YH thanks the Linnaeus project Insect Chemical Ecology, Ethology and Evolution (IC-E3), supported by the Swedish Research Council Formas and the Swedish University for Agricultural Sciences, for funding.
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Communicated by A. Biondi.
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Sjöberg, P., Rämert, B., Thierfelder, T. et al. Ban of a broad-spectrum insecticide in apple orchards: effects on tortricid populations, management strategies, and fruit damage. J Pest Sci 88, 767–775 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-015-0648-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-015-0648-0