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Pupal diapause development and termination is driven by low temperature chilling in Bactrocera minax

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Abstract

Bactrocera minax is a major citrus pest in China, Bhutan, and India. It is univoltine and exhibits pupal diapause during winter. To better understand pupal diapause in this pest, we investigated pupal survival and pupal developmental duration under field and laboratory conditions. Specifically, we tested if pupal chilling was required for diapause development and termination. Nearly all mature larvae collected at the end of the citrus season entered pupal diapause. For pupae exposed in the field, natural chilling for less than 3 months resulted in more than 70 % mortality. However, exposure to winter conditions for 3 months or more both decreased pupal mortality and developmental duration when pupae were returned to the laboratory and held under constant temperature (25 °C). When pupae were gathered from the field in November and exposed to different chilling regimes in the laboratory, the chilling duration (30 vs 60 days) had significantly more impact on pupal survival than the specific chilling temperature (6, 8, 10, or 12 °C constant). However, both chilling duration and chilling temperature impacted on the pupal developmental duration, with longer chilling duration and higher temperatures decreasing pupal developmental duration. In conclusion, we demonstrated that pupal diapause development and termination in B. minax is strongly influenced by chilling conditions. Increasing cold exposure led to significantly and consistently faster adult eclosion and improved synchronization of adult emergence. This knowledge will help with the laboratory rearing of B. minax, an essential step in the long-term management of this pest.

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Acknowledgments

We thank David Denlinger and Vladimír Koštál for valuable suggestions on the manuscript. We also acknowledge three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which help us to improve the quality of this manuscript. This study was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2011PY055), National Science Foundation of China (No. 31071690) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (via Research Contract No. 16015 to C.N. and Expert Mission Contract CPR/5/020-01-01 to A.R.C.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China

    Yong-Cheng Dong, Zhi-Jian Wang & Chang-Ying Niu

  2. School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia

    Anthony R. Clarke

  3. Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria

    Rui Pereira

  4. French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), UMR1355-ISA, 400 Route des Chappes, 06903, Sophia-Antipolis, France

    Nicolas Desneux

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  1. Yong-Cheng Dong
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Correspondence to Chang-Ying Niu.

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Communicated by M. Traugott.

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Dong, YC., Wang, ZJ., Clarke, A.R. et al. Pupal diapause development and termination is driven by low temperature chilling in Bactrocera minax . J Pest Sci 86, 429–436 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-013-0493-y

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