Abstract
A simple and sensitive method for the determination of tyramine in hair as N-heptafluorobutyryl derivative by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry has been developed. After digestion of the hair with aqueous NaOH, the aimed the analytes were extracted with solid-phase extraction on diatomaceous earth columns, followed by derivatization with heptafluorobutyryl chloride and elution with n-hexane: propyl acetate (30:1, v/v) simultaneously. The method was linear (r 2 = 0.9982) in the concentration range of 0.5–200 pmol mL−1, reproducible (intra-day precision = 4.4–5.5 %, inter-day precision = 3.3–6.5 %), accurate (recoveries = 96.0–97.9 %) and sensitive (LOD = 0.1 pmol mL−1). The method was successfully applied for analyzing the hair tyramine from the control group, the patients with schizophrenia group and the drug abuse group. Compared with the control group, there is a significant difference to the patients with schizophrenia group, while there is no significant difference to the drug abuse group. Additionally, there is no significant difference between the drug abuse group and the patients with schizophrenia group. It is a clue that tyramine could be a biological marker for schizophrenia.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Lewis DA, Sweet RA (2009) J Clin Invest 119(4):706–716
Potkin SG, Karoum F, Chuang LW, Cannon-Spoor HE, Phillips I, Wyatt RJ (1979) Science 206(4417):470–471
Shirkande S, O’Reilly R, Davis B, Durden D, Malcom D (1995) Can J Psychiatry 40(4):221
Berry MD (2007) Rev Recent Clin Trials 2(1):3–19
Yamamoto S, Itano H, Kataoka H, Makita M (1982) J Agric Food Chem 30(3):435–439
Yoshida H, Nohta H, Harada Y, Yoshitake M, Todoroki K, Yamagata K, Yamaguchi M (2005) J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 821(1):88–93
Huang KJ, Jin CX, Song SL, Wei CY, Liu YM, Li J (2011) J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 879(9–10):579–584
Wood AT, Hall MR (2000) J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 744(1):221–225
Gatti R, Lotti C, Morigi R, Andreani A (2012) J Chromatogr A 1220:92–100
Wang Q, Yu H, Li H, Ding F, He P, Fang Y (2003) Food Chem 83(2):311–317
Sayem-EI-Daher N, Simard RE, L’heureux L, Roberge AG (1983) J Chromatogr A 256:313–321
Luliński P, Sobiech M, Zołek T, Maciejewska D (2014) Talanta 129:155–164
Sachs H (1997) Forensic Sci Int 84:7–16
Musshoff F, Madea B (2007) Forensic Sci Int 165(2–3):204–215
Pragst F, Balikova MA (2006) Clin Chim Acta 370:17–49
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China (30271447) and Scientific Research Item of Liaoning Provincial Committee of Education (L2015570).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gao, L., Yuan, H., Zhu, J. et al. Determination of Tyramine in Hair Samples by GC–MS. Chromatographia 79, 103–108 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-015-3021-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-015-3021-9