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The influence of resting posture and orientation on alertness and escape in shorebirds

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Abstract

Birds face the challenge of avoiding predators, yet the postural adjustments they use to aid their thermoregulation (resting the bill on their back plumage and standing on one leg), may diminish their capacity to detect and escape from approaching predators. This may lead to a temperature-mediated trade-off between anti-predator and thermoregulatory behaviour. In this study, we examine the effect of posture, orientation of the bird relative to their ‘blind sector’ (gap in their visual field) and temperature on the alert and escape distances of ten shorebird species (273 experimental ‘approaches’ by an investigator). We predicted that (1) heat-conserving postures would be associated with shorter FIDs (flight initiation distances: the distance at which the bird commenced fleeing from the investigator); (2) low temperatures would be linked to shorter FIDs; and (3) approaches from a bird’s blind sector would result in shorter FIDs. Phylogenetically controlled mixed models revealed head posture (backrest or forward facing) did not significantly influence alert distance (AD) or FID. Standing on two legs was associated with longer ADs. Individual species’ models revealed two significant relationships. Approaches from within the blind sector were associated with shorter ADs and FIDs in Australian Pied Oystercatcher (Haematopus longirostris), while higher temperatures were associated with shorter FIDs in Red-necked Stint (Calidris ruficollis). Despite this, we reveal no strong evidence that wild-living shorebirds trade-off antipredator capacity and thermoregulatory behaviours. However, further investigation is warranted across a wider variety of birds.

Zusammenfassung

Der Einfluss von Ruhestellung und Körperausrichtung auf Wachsamkeit und Flucht bei Küstenvögeln

Vögel müssen Räubern aus dem Weg gehen, aber ihre Körperhaltung zur Unterstützung ihrer Temperaturregulation (den Schnabel auf dem Rückengefieder abstützen und auf einem Bein stehen) verringern möglicherweise ihre Fähigkeit, nahende Räuber zu erkennen und ihnen zu entkommen. Dies kann zu einem temperaturbeeinflussten Kompromiss zwischen Räuber-Vermeidung und Thermoregulationsverhalten führen. In dieser Studie untersuchten wir für zehn Küstenvogelarten (mit 273 experimentellen „Annäherungen “ durch einen Versuchsleiter) die Auswirkungen der Körperhaltung, der Ausrichtung des Vogels relativ zu seinem „blinden Bereich “ (Lücke in seinem Gesichtsfeld) und der Temperatur auf die Alarm- und Fluchtdistanzen. Wir sagten voraus, dass: 1) wärmesparende Körperhaltungen mit kürzeren FIDs (Flugauslösedistanzen: die Entfernung, in der ein Vogel die Flucht vor einem sich Nähernden beginnt) verbunden sind; 2) niedrige Temperaturen mit kürzeren FIDs verknüpft sind; und 3) Annäherungen aus dem „blinden Bereich “ eines Vogels zu kürzeren FIDs führen. Phylogenetisch kontrollierte gemischte Modelle zeigten, dass die Kopfhaltung (nach hinten oder nach vorne gerichtet) keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Aufmerksamkeitsdistanz (AD) oder den FID hatte. Auf zwei Beinen zu stehen war mit längeren ADs verbunden. Die Modelle für die einzelnen Arten ergaben zwei signifikante Zusammenhänge. Beim Australausternfischer (Haematopus longirostris) hingen Annäherungen aus dem blinden Bereich mit kürzeren ADs und FIDs zusammen, während beim Rotkehl-Strandläufer (Calidris ruficollis) höhere Temperaturen mit kürzeren FIDs verknüpft waren. Abgesehen hiervon fanden wir keine eindeutigen Beweise dafür, dass freilebende Küstenvögel ihre Fähigkeit zur Vermeidung von Räubern gegen ihr Thermoregulationsverhalten abwägen. Weitere Untersuchungen bei einer größeren Anzahl von Vögeln wären jedoch wünschenswert.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to the rangers at Point Cook Coastal Park (Ron Cuthbert, Russell Brooks, Mark Cullen and Bernie McCarrick), with a special thanks to Bernie McCarrick for his expertise and assistance. Thank you to Kevin Gillett and Heather Graham (Melbourne Water) for facilitating access to the Western Treatment Plant and to Toby Stringer (Parks Victoria) for allowing access the Avalon Coastal Park. MAW was supported by BEACH (Venus Bay).

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  1. Deakin University, Geelong, Australia

    April D. Timmis, Matthew R. E. Symonds & Michael A. Weston

  2. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia

    April D. Timmis, Matthew R. E. Symonds & Michael A. Weston

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All authors contributed to conceptualisation, design and write up. MRES and MAW supervised the project, MRES led the analysis. AT and MAW collected data.

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Timmis, A.D., Symonds, M.R.E. & Weston, M.A. The influence of resting posture and orientation on alertness and escape in shorebirds. J Ornithol 163, 509–521 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01957-y

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