Abstract
Objective
Perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions (PFCs) tagged with fluorescence dyes have been intensively used to confirm the in vivo 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) localization of PFCs by post mortem histology or flow cytometry. However, only limited data are available on tagged PFCs and the potential dissociation of fluorescence and 19F label after cellular uptake over time.
Materials and methods
PFCs were coupled to rhodamine (Rho) or carboxyfluorescein (Cfl) and their fate was analyzed after in vitro uptake by J774, RAW and CHO cells by flow cytometry and 19F MRI. In separate in vivo experiments, the dual-labelled emulsions were intravenously applied into mice and their distribution was monitored in spleen and liver over 24 h. In a final step, time course of fluorescence and 19F signals from injected emulsions were tracked in a local inflammation model making use of a subcutaneous matrigel depot doped with LPS (lipopolysaccharide).
Results
Internalization of fluorescence-labelled PFCs was associated with a substantial whitening over 24 h in all macrophage cell lines while the 19F signal remained stable over time. In all experiments, CflPFCs were more susceptible to bleaching than RhoPFCs. After intravenous injection of RhoPFCs, the fluorescence signal in spleen and liver peaked after 30 min and 2 h, respectively, followed by a successive decrease over 24 h, whereas the 19F signal continuously increased during this observation period. Similar results were found in the matrigel/LPS model, where we observed increasing 19F signals in the inflammatory hot spot over time while the fluorescence signal of immune cells isolated from the matrigel depot 24 h after its implantation was only marginally elevated over background levels. This resulted in a massive underestimation of the true PFC deposition in the reticuloendothelial system and at inflammatory hot spots.
Conclusion
Cellular uptake of fluorescently tagged PFCs leads to a dissociation of the fluorescence and the 19F label signal over time, which critically impacts on interpretation of long-term experiments validated by histology or flow cytometry.
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Acknowledgements
We like to thank Bodo Steckel and Sabine Barnert for excellent technical assistance. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grants ST 1209/1-1, FL 303/6-1 and the Sonderforschungsbereich SFB 1116.
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Study conception and design: PB, JS, RS, ST, UF. Acquisition of data: PB, WK, VF, ST. Analysis and interpretation of data: PB, WK, VF, ST, UF. Drafting of manuscript: PB, ST, UF. Critical revision: UF, ST, JS, RS.
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All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution at which the studies were conducted.
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10334_2018_723_MOESM1_ESM.tif
Supplementary material 1 Chemical structure of fluorescent lipids used for the generation of CflPFCs [1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(carboxyfluorescein)] and RhoPFCs [Lissamine™ Rhodamine B 1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine]. (TIFF 8795 kb)
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Bouvain, P., Flocke, V., Krämer, W. et al. Dissociation of 19F and fluorescence signal upon cellular uptake of dual-contrast perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. Magn Reson Mater Phy 32, 133–145 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-018-0723-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-018-0723-7