Abstract
The To Lich and Kim Nguu Rivers in Hanoi City are the main sources of irrigation water for suburban agricultural land and fish farm. Wastewater from the industrial plants located along these rivers has been discharged, and has degraded the water quality of the rivers. This study describes the chemical properties of water from the rivers, focusing on heavy metal pollution and the suitability of water quality for irrigation water. Water from the rivers was heavily polluted with organic matter and heavy metals such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd and Ni. Dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen deman, and total suspended solids, and the concentrations of all heavy metals exceeded the Vietnamese standard for surface water quality in all investigated sites. The concentrations of some heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni were above the internationally recommended WHO maximum level for irrigation water. A wide variation in the heavy metal concentration of water due to metal types is the result of wastewater discharged from different industrial sources.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bolan NS, Duraisamy PV (2003) Role of inorganic and organic soil amendments on immobilization and phytoavailability of heavy metals: a review involving specific case studies. Aust Soil Resour 41:533–555
Brigden K, Santillo D (2004) Environment heavy metal concentration arising from the Xingjian and GP Ni, Cd battery manufacturing facilities Huishou, Guangdong, China. Green Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Luong LT, Le TPQ, Tran KT, Nguyen VT, Minh CV (2003) Studies on variation and transformation of mineral nitrogen forms in water environment in the Nhue-To Lich River System during the year of 2002. J Vietnam Soil Sci 18:114–119 (in Vietnamese)
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) of Vietnam (2002) Water quality—surface water quality standard, TCVN 5942-1995 B
Marcussen H, Jorgensen K, Holm PE, Brocca D, Simmons RW, Dalsgaard A (2006) Elemental content and food safety of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) cultivated with waster in Hanoi, Vietnam. In: Food safety of aquatic plants and fish raised in wastewater-fed ponds, INCO: International Scientific Cooperation Projects (1998–2002), Production in Aquatic Peri Urban Systems in Southeast Asia
Nguyen TLH, Ohtsubo M, Loretta LY, Higashi T (2007) Heavy metal pollution of the To-Lich and Kim-Nguu Rivers in Hanoi City and the industrial source of the pollutants. J Agric Fac Kyushu Univ 52(1):141–146
Pillay AE, Williams JR, Al-Lawati MO, Al-Hadabbi SMH, Al-Hamdi MH, Al-Hamdi A (2003) Risk assessment of chromium and arsenic in date palm leaves used as livestock feed. Environ Int 29:541–545
Preciado HF, Li LY (2005) Evaluation of metal loadings and bioavailability in air, water and soil along two highways of British Columbia, Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut 172:81–108
Turer D, Maynard JB, Sansalone JJ (2000) Heavy metal contamination in soils of urban highways: comparison between runoff and soil concentrations at Cincinnati, Ohio. Water Air Soil Pollut 132:293–314
World Health Organization (WHO) (1989) Health guidelines for use of waste water in agriculture and aquaculture, report of a WHO Scientific Group, WHO technical report series 778. WHO, Geneva, p 74
Acknowledgments
The assistance of A. Nakano in conducting the laboratory tests is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huong, N.T.L., Ohtsubo, M., Li, L. et al. Assessment of the water quality of two rivers in Hanoi City and its suitability for irrigation water. Paddy Water Environ 6, 257–262 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-008-0125-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-008-0125-y