Abstract
The prolonged irrigation with marginal quality water can cause secondary salinization of soils, which necessitates for better understanding of water management alternatives. Relative performance of sulfuric acid and gypsum is still controversial to counter sodium hazards in soil/water system. As an alternative, sulfurous acid generators (SAG) are also being marketed. But up-till-now, there is not even a single field study published in scientific journals about their efficiency and economical viability for the treatment of saline-sodic water. Therefore, a field study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of SAG and alternate amendments applied on an equivalent basis to grow rice crop. SAG treatment of saline-sodic tube well water decreased only residual sodium carbonate (RSC) from 5.4 to 3.6 mmolc l−1, and had no beneficial effect on its sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) or electrical conductivity (EC). All the treatments kept soil EC and SAR around their respective threshold levels. For paddy yield, SAG, sulfuric acid, and gypsum treatments depicted nonsignificant differences. SAG and sulfuric acid treatments of water were about six times expensive than that of gypsum. It was concluded that soil-applied gypsum, to counter sodic hazards of irrigation water, is economical to sustain irrigated rice in dry regions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrol IP, Yadav JSP, Masoud FI (1988) Salt-affected soils and their management. Soil Bull 39:99–110
Agarwal RR, Yadav JSP, Gupta RN (1982) Saline and alkali soils of India. ICAR, New Delhi, India, pp 223–249
Ahmad B, Kemper WD, Haider G, Niazi MAK (1979) Use of gypsum stones to lower the SAR of irrigation water. Soil Sci Soc Am J 43:698–702
Akram M, Hasan G, Ashraf M, Chaudhry E (1989) Effect of gypsum and sulfuric acid on soil properties and dry matter yield of wheat grown in a highly saline-sodic soil. J Agric Res 27(2):113–119
Alawi BJ, Stroehlein JL, Hanlon EA Jr, Turner F Jr (1980) Quality of irrigation water and effects of sulfuric acid and gypsum on soil properties and Sudan grass yields. Soil Sci 129(5):315–319
Aldrich DG, Turrell FM (1950) Effect of soil acidification on some chemical properties of a soil and plants grown thereon. Soil Sci 70:83–90
Amezketa E, Aragüés R, Gazol R (2005) Efficiency of sulfuric acid, mined gypsum and two gypsum by-products in soil crusting prevention and sodic soil reclamation. Agron J 97:983–989
Amrhein C (2000) Revisiting acid injection into irrigation water. Golf Course Management
Anwar SA, Ibrahim M, Ishaq M, Ahmad N (2004) Use of sulfuric acid on normal calcareous soils. In: Abstracts 10th International Congress of Soil Science Society of Pakistan, Tandojam, Pakistan
Ashraf MM (1979) Effect of sulphuric acid and super phosphate on the chemical properties of saline sodic soil in relation to rice production. MSc Thesis, Department of Soil Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
Axtell JD, Doneen LD (1949) The use of gypsum in irrigation water. Better Crops Plant Food 33(9):16–23
Ayers RS, Westcot DW (1985) Water quality for agriculture. Irrigation and drainage paper 29. FAO, Rome, Italy, p 174
Bauder JW, Brock TA (2001) Irrigation water quality, soil amendment, and crop effects on sodium leaching. Arid Land Res Manag 15:101–113
Bhatti HM (1986) Management of irrigation water qualities for crop production. Final Tech. Report of PL-480 Project, Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Burt CM (1998) Chemicals for fertigation. In: Proc. International Irrigation Show, IA's 19th Annual Conference ITRC paper 98–002, San Deigo, California, USA
Cates RL, Haby VA Jr, Skogley EO, Ferguson H (1982) Effectiveness of by-product sulfuric acid for reclaiming calcareous, saline-sodic soils. J Environ Qual 11:299–302
Cerda A, Fernandez FG, Caro M, Guillen MG (1979) Growth and mineral composition of two lemon varieties irrigated with saline waters. Agrochimica 23:387–396
Chabbra RC (1996) Soil salinity and water quality. Oxford & IBH, Bombay, India, pp. 205–237
Chand M, Abrol JP, Bhumbla DR (1977) A comparison of the effect of eight amendments on soil properties and crop growth in highly sodic soil. Indian J Agric Sci 47(7):348–54
Chang C, Dubetz S, Sommerfeldt TG, MacKay DC (1982) Leaching fractions and salt status of two irrigated gypsum rich soils in Southern Alberta. Can J Soil Sci 62:97–103
Chapman (1980) Effect of sulfur, sulfuric acid and gypsum on the rice grain yield of bluebonnet and IR661. Aus J Exp Agric Anim Husbandry 20:724–730
Chaudhry MR, Hamid A, Javid MA (1984) Use of gypsum in amending sodic water for crop production. Pub. No.136, Mona Rec. Expt. Proj. WAPDA colony, Bhalwal, Sargodha, Pakistan, p 23
Chaudhry MR, Ihsannullah, Ahmad CB (1989) Reclamation of moderately salt-affected soil with sulphuric acid and gypsum. Pak J Agric Res 10(3):279–288
Christensen PD, Lyerly PJ (1954) Yields of cotton and other crops as affected by application of sulfuric acid in irrigation water. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 18:433–436
Christians N (1999) Why inject acid into irrigation water? Golf Course Management 67(6):52–56
Cotton FA, Wilkinson GFRS (1967) Nontransition elements. Advanced inorganic chemistry, a comprehensive text, 2nd edn. Interscience Publishers, New York, pp 540–543
Curtin D, Naidu R (1998) Fertility constraints to plant production. In: Sumner ME, Naidu R (eds) Sodic soil: distribution, management and environmental consequences. Oxford University Press, New York, USA, pp 107–123
Deverel SJ, Fujii R (1990) Chemistry of trace elements in soils and ground water. In: Tanji KK (ed) Agricultural salinity assessment and management. ASCE, New York, USA, pp 64–90
Doneen LD (1948) The quality of irrigation water and soil permeability. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 13:523–526
Doneen LD (1975) Water Quality for Irrigated Agriculture. In Poljakoff-Mayber A, Gale J (eds) Plants in saline environments. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 56–75
Dutt GR, Doneen LD (1963) Predicting the solute composition of the saturation extract from soil undergoing salinization. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 27:627–630
Eaton FM (1949) Significance of carbonates in irrigation waters. Soil Science 60:123–133
Eaton FM (1954) Formulas for estimating leaching and gypsum requirements of irrigation waters. Texas Agric Expt Sta Misc Pub 111, pp 1–18
Fink A (1982) Fertilizers and fertilization. Verlog Chimic, Weinheim
Frenkel H, Goertzen JO, Rhoades JD (1978) Effects of clay type and content, ESP, and electrolyte concentration on clay dispersion and soil hydraulic conductivity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 42:32–39
Fuller WH, Ray HE (1963) Gypsum and sulfur-bearing amendments for Arizona soils. Ariz Agric Exp Stn Bull A-27, p 38
Gale G, Koenig R, Barnhill J (2001) Managing soil pH in Utah. Utah State University Extension Electronic Publishing, Logan, UT
Ghafoor A, Chaudhry MR, Qadir M, Murtaza G, Ahmad HR (1997) Use of agricultural drainage water for crops on normal and salt-affected soils without disturbing biosphere equilibrium. Pub no. 176, IWASRI, Lahore, Pakistan, p 135
Ghafoor A, Muhammed S (1981) Comparison of H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, and gypsum for reclaiming calcareous saline-sodic soil and for plant growth. In Bull. (J.) Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Control Research Council of Pakistan, 11:69–75
Ghafoor A, Muhammed S, Mujtaba G (1986) Comparison of gypsum, H2SO4, HCl, and CaCl2 for reclaiming subsoiled calcareous saline-sodic Khurrianwala soil series. J Agric Res 24:179–183
Ghafoor A, Muhammed S, Yaqub M (1987) Use of saline-sodic water for reclamation of salt-affected soil and for crop production. Pak J Soil Sci 2:17–21
Ghafoor A, Murtaza G, Qadir M (2001a) Gypsum: an economical amendment for amelioration of saline-sodic waters and soils for improving crop yield. National Workshop on Agricultural Use of Gypsum. LRRI, NARC, PARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
Ghafoor A, Murtaza G, Qadir M (2002a) Problems and treatment of low quality water for agriculture under arid and semi-arid conditions. In: Azam F et al. (eds) Technologies for sustainable agriculture. NIAB, Faisalabad, Pakistan, pp 107–116
Ghafoor A, Nadeem SM, Hassan A, Sadiq M (2001b) Reclamation response of different textured saline-sodic soils to ECiw:SARiw. Pak J Soil Sci 19:92–99
Ghafoor A, Qadir M, Murtaza G (2002b) Agriculture in the Indus plains: sustainability of land and water resources: a review. Int J Agric Biol 4(3):428–437
Ghafoor A, Qadir M, Murtaza G, Ahmad HR (1998) Strategies to harvest sustainable rice and wheat yields using brackish water for irrigation. J Arid Land Stud 7S:165–169
Ghafoor A, Zubair M (1992) Solubility of different gypsum size-grades in synthetic saline-sodic waters. Pak J Agric Sci 29:69–73
GOP (2003) Economic survey of Pakistan. Economic Advisor's Wing, Finance Div., GOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
Grattan SR, Grieve CM (1999) Salinity-mineral nutrient relations in horticultural crops. Sci Hortic 78:127–157
Griffen JR, Silverttoth JC (1999) Evaluation of an acid soil conditioner in an irrigated cotton production system. Arizona Cotton Report Series, pp 260–274
Gritsenko GV, Gritsenko AV (1999) Quality of irrigation water and outlook for phytomelioration of soils. Eurasian Soil Sci 32(2):236–242
Gumaa GS, Prather RJ, Miyamoto S (1976) Effect of sulfuric acid on sodium-hazard of irrigation water. Plant Soil 44:715–721
Gupta IC (1990) Use of saline water in agriculture. Oxford & IBH, Bombay, India, p 307
Gupta SK, Gupta IC (1997) Management of saline soils and waters. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India, pp 71–98
Halvin JL, Beaton J, Tisdale SL, Nelson WL (2002) Soil acidity and alkalinity, in soil fertility and fertilizers; an introduction to nutrient management, 6th edn. Prentice Hall, NJ
Hanif M, Qureshi RH, Rajoka MI, Sandhu GR (1975) Use of saline-sodic water for crop production. I. Effect of amended and un-amended saline-sodic water on the growth of maize and properties of a normal loam soil. The Nucleus 12:39–42
Hao X, Chang C (2003) Does long-term heavy cattle manure application increases salinity of a clay loam soil in semi-arid Southern Alberta. Agric Ecosyst Environ 94:89–103
Hussain G, Sadiq M, Hamid A, Ali H (1981) Determination of suitable dose of gypsum in relation to quality of irrigation waters. Mona Reclamation Experimental Project, pub. no. 112, WAPDA, Bhalwal, Pakistan, p 23
Hussain N, Arshad M, Salim M, Ali A (2000) Sodic water management with gypsum application for sustainable crop production. Pak J Biol Sci 3:996–997
Imas P (2000) Integrated nutrient management for sustaining crop yields in calcareous soils. GAU-PRII-IPI Nat. Symposium balanced nutrition of ground nut and other field crops grown in calcareous soils of India, Junagadh, India
Javid MA, Ali ChK (1999) Soil sodification as a function of high sulphate irrigation water application, In: Proc. National workshop on water resources achievements and issues in 20th century and challenges for the next millennium. Islamabad, Pakistan, pp 228–234
Jurinack JJ, Amrhein C, Wagenet RJ (1984) Sodic hazard: the effect of SAR, salinity on soils and over-burden materials. Soil Sci 137:152–159
Keisling TC, Rao PSC, Jessup RE (1978) Gypsum dissolution and sodic soil reclamation as affected by water flow velocity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 42:726–732
Kemper WD, Olson J, DeMooy CJ (1975) Dissolution rate of gypsum in flowing water. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 39:458–463
Keren R, O’Connor GAO (1982) Gypsum dissolution and sodic soil reclamation as affected by water flow velocity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 46:726–732
Loeppert RH, Suarez DL (1997) Carbonate and Gypsum. In: Page AL (ed) Method of soil analysis. Part 3. SSSA Book Ser. 5. SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 437–474
Lotovitskii PS, Bilai VA (2001) Effect of chemical ameliorants on the chemistry of surface water used for irrigation. Water Res 28(4):451–460
Mace JE, Amrhein C, Oster JD (1999) Comparison of gypsum and sulfuric acid for sodic soil reclamation. Arid Soil Res Rehabil 3:171–188
Magadoff F, Bresler E (1973) Physical aspects of soil water and salt in ecosystems. In: Hadas A, Swartzendruber D, Rijtema PE, Fuchs M, Yaron B (eds) Ecological studies. analysis and synthesis, vol 4. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 441–452
Malik D, Hussain G, Sherazi SJA (1992) On-farm evaluation of gypsum application and its economics. In: Soil health for sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd National Congress of Soil Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, pp 407–420
Mass EV, Hoffman GJ (1977) Crop salt tolerance: current assessment. J Irrig Drain Div ASCE 103(IR):115–134
Mathers AC (1970) Effect of ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid on grain sorghum yields. Agron J 62:555–556
Mian MA, Baig MA (1982) Application of sulphur and sulphuric acid and the availability of plant nutrients and chemical composition of maize. Pak J Agric Sci 19(3/4):154–160
Miyamoto S (1977) Predicting effects of sulfuric acid on qualities of irrigation and drainage waters in calcareous soils. J Environ Qual 6(1):12–18
Miyamoto S (1998) Use of acids and acidulants on alkali soils and water. In: Wallace A, Terry RE (eds) Handbook of soil conditioners. Marcel Dekker, Madison, NY, pp 217–256
Miyamoto S, Ryan J, Stroehlein JL (1975a) Potentially beneficial use of sulfuric acid in southwestern agriculture. J Environ Qual 4:431–437
Miyamoto S, Ryan J, Stroehlein JL (1975b) Sulfuric acid for the treatment of ammoniated irrigation water: I. Reducing ammonia volatilization. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 39:544–548
Miyamoto S, Ryan J, Stroehlein JL (1975c) Sulfuric acid for controlling calcite precipitation. Soil Sci 120:264–271
Miyamoto S, Stroehlein JL (1986) Sulfuric acid effects on water infiltration and chemical properties of alkaline soils and water. Trans ASAE 29(5):1288–1296
Muhammed S, Ghafoor A (1992) Irrigation water salinity/sodicity analysis. In: Haider G (ed) Manual of soil salinity research. Publ no. 147, IWASRI, Lahore, Pakistan, pp 3.1–3.28
Nadeem MT (1981) Response of rice crop to sulphuric acid. MSc Thesis, Department of Soil Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
Naidu R, Rengasamy P (1993) Ion interactions and constraints to plant nutrition in Australian sodic soils. Aus J Soil Res 31:801–819
Norton ER, Silvertooth JC (2001) N Volatilization from Arizona irrigation waters. Arizona Cotton, Univ Ariz Coll of Agric and Life Sci, Report no. 1224, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Oster JD, Singer MJ, Fulton A, Richardson W, Prichard T (1992) Water penetration problems in California soils: prevention, diagnosis and solutions. Kearney Foundation of Soil Science DANR, University of California, USA, p 165
Oster JD (1982) Gypsum usage in irrigated agriculture: a review. Fert Res 3:73–89
Oster JD (1994) Irrigation with poor quality water. Agric Water Manag 25:271–97
Overstreet R, Martin JC, King HM (1951) Gypsum, sulfur, and sulfuric acid for reclaiming an alkali soil of the Fresno series. Hilgardia 21(5):113–127
Overstreet R, Martin JC, Schulz RK, McCutcheon OD (1955) Reclamation of an alkali soil of the Hacienda series. Hilgardia 24(3):53–69
Page AL, Chang AC, Adriano DC (1990) Deficiencies and toxicities of trace elements. In: Tanji KK (ed) Agricultral salinity assessment and management. ASCE, New York, USA, pp 138–160
Peterson SS (2000) Sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid as a soil amendment in alfalfa seed. Draft report submitted to the California Alfalfa Seed Production Research Board, California, USA
Prather RJ, Goertzen JO, Rhoades JD, Frenkel H (1978) Efficient amendment use in sodic soil reclamation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 42:782–786
Qureshi RH, Aslam M, Salim M, Sandhu GR (1977) Water management for agriculture. Proceedings of Seminar, Lahore, Pakistan, pp 329–36
Qureshi RH, Hanif M, Rajoka MI, Sandhu GR (1975) Use of saline-sodic water for crop production economics, In: Proc. Optimum use of water in agriculture, Cent-Scientific Programme Report no 17, Ankara, Turkey, pp 63–69
Rafiq M (1990) Soil resources and soil related problems in Pakistan. In: Ahmad et al. (eds) Soil Physics application under stress environment. Proceedings of the Symposium Applied Soil Physics in Stress Environment. Islamabad, 1989. BARD Project, PARC, Islamabad, pp 16–23
Reeve RC, Doering EJ (1966) The high salt water dilution method for reclaiming sodic soils. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 30:498–504
Rengasamy P (1987) Importance of calcium in irrigation with saline-sodic water—a viewpoint. Agric Water Manag 12:207–219
Rengasamy P, Olsson KA (1993) Irrigation and sodicity. Aus J Soil Res 31:821–837
Ryan J, Miyamoto S, Stroehlein JL (1977) Preliminary evaluation of H2SO4 application methods to soils. Plant Soil 46:629–632
Ryan J, Stroehlein JL (1979) Sulfuric acid treatment of calcareous soils: effects on phosphorus solubility, inorganic phosphorus forms and plant growth. Soil Sci Soc Am J 43:731–735
Ryan J, Stroehlein JL, Miyamoto S (1975a) Effect of surface applied sulfuric acid on growth and nutrient availability of five range grasses in calcareous soils. J Range Manag 28(5):411–414
Ryan J, Stroehlein JL, Miyamoto S (1975b) Sulfuric acid application to calcareous soils: Effects on growth and chlorophyll content of common bermudagrass in the greenhouse. Agron J 67:633–637
Steel RGD, Torrie JH (1980) Principles and procedures of statistics, 2nd edn. McGraw Hill Book, NY, USA
Stroehlein JL, Pennington DA (1986) The use of sulfur compounds for soil and irrigation water treatments. In: Tabatabai MA (ed) Sulfur in agriculture, agronomy monograph 27. ASA, Madison, WI, USA, pp 435–454
Thorne DW (1944) The use of acidifying materials on calcareous soils. J Am Soc Agron 37:815–828
US Salinity Lab. Staff (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Handbook 60, Washington, DC, USA
Wallace A, Muller RT (1978) Complete neutralization of a portion of calcareous soil as a means of preventing iron chlorosis. Agron J 70:888–890
Whipker BE, Bailey DA, Nelson PV, Fonteno WC, Hammer PA (1996) A novel approach to calculate acid additions for alkalinity control in greenhouse irrigation water. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 27(5–8):959–976
Wilcox LV, Blair GY, Bower CA (1954) Effect of bicarbonates on suitability of water for irrigation. Soil Sci 77:259–266
Yadav JSP (1973) Research on water management and salinity. Final Tech Report of All India Coordinated Scheme, PAU, Ludhiana, India
Yasin M, Zada R, Niazi BH (1998) Effectiveness of chemical and biotic methods for reclamation of saline-sodic soil. Pak J Soil Sci 15:179–182
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
H. Zia, M., Ghafoor, A., Saifullah et al. Comparison of sulfurous acid generator and alternate amendments to improve the quality of saline-sodic water for sustainable rice yields. Paddy Water Environ 4, 153–162 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-006-0043-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-006-0043-9