Abstract
Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), considered a species of "least concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), are widely maintained at primate sanctuaries in South Africa. Permanent surgical contraception is a necessary method for the management of this species in captivity. In this study, a new vasectomy technique was evaluated and involves a prescrotal approach with only one surgical incision, aiming to excise a piece of vas deferens, leaving open the testicular side, and creating a loop on the prostatic side to avoid future recanalization. The birth rate was studied to assess the success of the technique. This technique significantly reduced breeding in the study population from 33 births in the first year to four births during the last year of the study. These results show that this type of vasectomy is a fast, simple, and safe technique for controlling monkey populations in sanctuaries.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bedford JM (1976) Adaptations of the male reproductive tract and the fate of spermatozoa following vasectomy in the rabbit, rhesus monkey, hamster and rat. Biol Reprod 14:118–142. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod14.2.118
Bertschinger HJ, Trigg TE, Jochle W, Human A (2002) Induction of contraception in some African wild carnivores by downregulation of LH and FSH secretion using the GnRH analogue deslorelin. Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Supplement 60:41–52.
Bissonnette B, Sessler DI (1992) Thermoregulatory thresholds for vasoconstriction in pediatric patients anesthetized with halothane or halothane and caudal bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 76:387–392
Bokhout B, Nabuurs M, de Jong M (2005) Vasectomy of older bulls to manage elephant overpopulation in Africa: a proposal. Pachiderm 39:97–103
Carter S, Kagan R (2010) (2010) Contraception as a management tool for controlling surplus animals. In: Kleiman DG, Thompson KV, Baer CK (eds) Wild mammals in captivity: principles and techniques for zoo management, 2nd edn. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 263–267
Chen K-C, Peng C-C, Hsieh H-M, Chiang H-S (2005) Simply modified no-scalpel vasectomy (percutaneous vasectomy)—a comparative study against the standard no-scalpel vasectomy. Contraception 71:153–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2004.07.018
Cheney D-L, Seyfarth R-M (1990) How monkeys see the world, inside the mind of another species. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Denniston GC, Kuehl L (1994) Open-ended vasectomy: approaching the ideal technique. J Am Board Fam Pract 7:285–287. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.7.4.285
EAZA Group on Zoo Animal Contraception (2018). Primates: Cercopithecidae. https://www.egzac.org/home/viewdocument?filename=NEW%20cercopithecidae%20taxon%20sheet%2029-5-14.pdf Accessed 19 Oct 2018.
Egbedate AO, Gadsby EL (2014) Vasectomy in drill monkeys (Mandrillus leucophaeus)—a population management tool. World J Zool 9(2):107–110
Ellis DH, Carpenter JW (1981) A technique for vasectomizing birds. J Field Ornithol 52(1):69–71. https://doi.org/10.2307/4512621
Errey BB, Edwards IS (1986) Open-ended vasectomy: an assessment. Fertil Steril 45:843–846
Esho JO, Cass AS (1978) Recanalization rate following methods of vasectomy using interposition of fascial sheath of vas deferens. J Urol 120:178–179
Faribanks LA, McGuire MT (1986) Aging and dominance-related behaviour in vervet monkeys females: Reproductive value or cross-generational inheritance of dominance rank. Anim Behav 34:1710–1721
Frances M, Kovacs GT (1983) A comprehensive review of the sequelae of male sterilization. Contraception 28:455–473
Hendry WF (1994) Vasectomy and vasectomy reversal. Br J Urol 73:337–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1994.tb07592.x
Horrocks JA, Baulu J (1988) Effects of trapping on the vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) population in Barbados. Am J Primatol 15(3):223–233
Immegart DHM, Threlfall WR (2005) Evaluation of intratesticular injection of glycerol for nonsurgical sterilization of dogs. Am J Vet Res 61:544–549. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.544
Jones JS (2003) Percutaneous vasectomy: a simple modification eliminates the steep learning curve of no-scalpel vasectomy. Journal Urol 169:1434–1436. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000047366.58553.1c
Kavoussi SK, Kavoussi KM, Lebovic DI (2014) Robotic-assisted tubal anastomosis with one-stitch technique. J Robot Surg 8:133–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-013-0442-z
Krebs E, Wildlife OBEA (2006) Vasectomy as a birth control management tool in a large colony of Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) at Cologne Zoo. EAZWV 6th Scientific Meeting 86–90
Kumar V (2013) Intra-abdominal laparoscopic vasectomy by electrocauterization in free range rhesus macaques (Macaca Mulatta). AVS 1:42–45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20130105.13
Labrecque M, Dufresne C, Barone MA, St-Hilaire K (2004) Vasectomy surgical techniques: a systematic review. BMC Med 2:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-2-21
Labrecque M, Nazerali H, Mondor M et al (2002) Effectiveness and complications associated with 2 vasectomy occlusion techniques. J Urol 168:2495. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000032801.68305.3f
Leon-Castillo LA (2015) Análisis económico de la población demográfica. Universidad de Alicante, Alicante
Lohiya NK, Tiwari SN (1983) Vasectomy in langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus entellus dufresne). Arch Androl 11:85–87
Mahalingam A, Kumar N, Maiti SK et al (2009) Laparoscopic sterilization vs. open method sterilization in dogs: a comparison of two techniques. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 33:427–436
Marais HJ, Hendrickson DA, Stetter M et al (2013) Laparoscopic vasectomy in African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana); surgical technique and results. J Zoo Wildl Med 44(4s):S18–S20. https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260-44.4S.S18
McCreery S (1976) Canine vasectomy. Iowa State Uni Vet 3:116–117
McDonald SW (1996) Vasectomy review: Sequelae in the human epididymis and ductus deferens. Clin Anat 9:337–342. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1996)9:5%3c337:AID-CA7%3e3.0.CO;2-9
Morris TH, David CL (1993) Illustrated guide to surgical technique for vasectomy of the common marmoset. Lab Anim 27:381–384. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367793780745534
Moss WM (1992) A comparison of open-end versus closed-end vasectomies: A report on 6220 cases. Contraception 46:521–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(92)90116-B
Nangia AK, Myles JL, Thomas AJJR (2000) Vasectomy reversal for the post-vasectomy pain syndrome: a clinical and histological evaluation. J Urol 164:1939–1942
Navarro-Serra A, Sanz-Cabañes H (2019) Subcutaneous thermal sensor microchip validation in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) during normothermic and hypothermic situations. J Med Primatol 45:57. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.12398
PAAZAB (2014) Professional code of ethics of the African Association of Zoo and Aquaria. https://www.zoosafrica.com/userDownloads/DOC1332863259.pdf. Accessed 1 Oct 2013
PASA (2009) Pan African sanctuary alliance: primate veterinary health manual. https://pasa.org/reports-manuals/. Accessed 1 Oct 2013
Philp T, Guillebaud J, Budd D (1984) Complications of vasectomy: review of 16,000 patients. BJU Int 56:745–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1984.tb06161.x
Rubio-Martínez LM, Hendrickson DA, Stetter M et al (2014) Laparoscopic vasectomy in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Vet Surg 43:507–514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12163.x
Rutberg AT, Naugle RE, Thiele LA, Liu IKM (2004) Effects of immunocontraception on a suburban population of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus. Biol Cons 116:243–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00195-2
Samour J (2010) Vasectomy in birds: a review. J Avian Med Surg 24:169–173. https://doi.org/10.1647/2009-024.1
Schexnider JM, Baker DG, Hasselschwert DL (2007) Semen evaluation for verification of azoospermia after vasectomy in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 46:46–49
Schmidt SS, Free MJ (1978) The bipolar needle for vasectomy. I. Experience with the first 1000 cases. Fert Ster 29:676–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)43344-3
Setchell JM (2015) Color in competition contexts in non-human animals. Handbook of Color psychology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 546–567
Sun FJ, Wright DE, Pinson DM (2003) Comparison of ketamine versus combination of ketamine and medetomidine in injectable anesthetic protocols: chemical immobilization in macaques and tissue reaction in rats. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 42:32–37
WAZA (2013) World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) code of ethics and animal welfare. https://www.waza.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/WAZA-Code-of-Ethics.pdf. Accessed 1 Oct 2013.
Wiebe JP, Barr KJ, Buckingham KD (1989) Sustained azoospermia in squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, resulting from a single intratesticular glycerol injection. Contraception 39:447–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(89)90122-4
Yu PH, Weng CC, Kuo HC, Chi CH (2015) Evaluation of endoscopic salpingectomy for sterilization of female Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis). Am J Primatol 77:359–367. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22354
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
About this article
Cite this article
Navarro-Serra, A., Sanz-Cabañes, H. Open/close-ended vasectomy technique by single incision on vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). Primates 61, 465–471 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-020-00795-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-020-00795-5