Abstract
Due to urbanization and the need for people to go from one country to another either for commercial purpose or tourism, it is therefore important to determine the extent to which tourism contributes to growth. This article aims to investigate the tourism-led growth hypothesis in a sample of 34 European countries utilizing the yearly data from 1995 to 2015. The research work makes use of 8 tourism indicators, which cover different dimensions of tourism sector development such as foreign visitors' spending, and international tourist arrival. For empirical analysis, the study accounts key determinants of growth such as capital, labor and energy (renewable and non-renewable) consumption. The results from common correlated effects (CCE) augmented mean group (AMG) and groped-mean estimators confirms that there is a positive relationship between tourism, labour, capital and GDP insinuating the presence of tourism-led growth hypothesis in the European countries. Also, findings from the FMOLS show that changes in the variables leads to a proportional change in GDP. Specifically, the evidence shows that the tourism indicators play an indispensable role in promoting economic development, along with energy consumption, capital, and labor. Sustainable Combating environmental issues associated with foreign arrivals, renewable energy consumption should be encouraged to reduce environmental externalities to ensure sustainable environments for businesses and tourists’ arrivals.
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Notes
Economic growth and income level might be improved through the reallocation of resources from the least efficient domestic sectors of the economy towards the tourism sector.
The total final energy consumption includes energy from renewable and non-renewable sources and data is available at Sustainable energy for all. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/sustainable-energy-for-all.
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Xia, W., Doğan, B., Shahzad, U. et al. An empirical investigation of tourism-led growth hypothesis in the European countries: evidence from augmented mean group estimator. Port Econ J 21, 239–266 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-021-00193-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-021-00193-9