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Bench-Scale and Pilot-Scale Treatment Technologies for the Removal of Total Dissolved Solids from Coal Mine Water: A Review

Ein Review über Behandlungstechnologien im Labor- und Pilotmaßstab zur Minderung der Mineralisation aus Abwässern des Kohlebergbaus

Tecnologías de tratamiento a escala de banco y a escala piloto para la remoción de sólidos disueltos totales de aguas de una mina de carbón: una recopilación

煤矿矿井废水总溶解固体(TDS)的小型和中型处理技术:综述

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Abstract

Coal mine water (CMW) is typically treated to remove suspended solids, acidity, and soluble metals, but high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) have been reported to impact the environment at several CMW discharge points. Consequently, various states have established TDS wastewater regulations and the US EPA has proposed a benchmark conductivity limit to reduce TDS impacts in streams near mining sites. Traditional CMW treatment effectively removes some TDS components, but is not effective in removing major salt ions due to their higher solubility. This paper describes the basic principles, effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of various TDS removal technologies (adsorption, bioremediation, capacitive deionization, desalination, distillation, electrochemical ion exchange, electrocoagulation, electrodialysis, ion exchange, membrane filtration, precipitation, and reverse osmosis) that have at least been tested in bench- and pilot-scale experiments.

Zusammenfassung

Aus dem Abwasser aus Kohlebergwerken werden in der Regel neutralisiert, suspendierte Feststoffe und lösliche Metalle entfernt. Es wird aber davon berichtet, dass bei mehreren Bergwerken im Bereich der Einleitstelle zu Schädigungen der Umwelt aufgrund der hohen Salzgehalte gekommen ist. Daraus folgte, dass verschiedene Staaten den Leitwert im Abwasser aus diesem Herkunftsbereich regulieren und die US-EPA einen Orientierungswert für den Leitwert vorgeschlagen hat. Damit sollen schädliche Umweltauswirkungen auf die Ströme in der Nähe von Bergbaustandorten reduziert werden. Bisherige Behandlungsverfahren können nur einen Teil der Salzfracht entfernen, sind jedoch nicht effektiv bei der Entfernung der wesentlichen Salzionen aufgrund ihrer hohen Löslichkeit.Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die grundlegenden Prinzipien, die Effektivität sowie die Vor- und Nachteile der verschiedenen Technologien zur Entfernung von Salzionen (Adsorption, Bioremediation, kapazitive Deionisation, Entsalzung, Destillation, elektro-chemische Ionenaustausch, Elektrokoagulation, Elektrodialyse, Ionenaustausch, Membranfiltration, Fällung und Umkehrosmose), welche zumindest in Leistungsvergleichen und Technikumsversuchen getestet wurden.

Resumen

El agua de las minas de carbón (CMW) es normalmente tratada para remover sólidos en suspensión, acidez y metales solubles; no obstante, se ha reportado que altas concentraciones de sólidos totales disueltos (TDS) impactan sobre el medio ambiente en muchos puntos de descarga de CMW. Consecuentemente, varios estados han establecido regulaciones sobre TDS y la US EPA ha propuesto un límite de conductividad para reducir el impacto de los TDS en cursos de agua cercanos a los sitios mineros. El tratamiento de CMW efectivamente remueve algunos componentes del TDS pero no es efectivo en la remoción de los iones de las principales sales debido a su alta solubilidad. Este trabajo describe los principios básicos, la efectividad, las ventajas y desventajas de varias tecnologías de trratamiento de TDS (adsorción, biorremediación, desionización capacitiva, desalinización, destilación, intercambio electroquímico de iones, electrocoagulación, electrodiálisis, intercambio iónico, filtración por membrana, precipitación y ósmosis inversa) que han sido al menos testeados en experimentos a escala de banco y escala piloto.

抽象

煤矿矿井废水(CMW)处理的主要目标悬浮物、酸度及可溶金属离子处理。一些煤矿矿井废水排放点因高浓度总溶解固体(TDS)影响已屡遭举报。为此,许多州已制定排放废水的总溶解固体(TDS)规范,美国环保局也划定了排水口排放水电导率界限值,以减小矿区附近河流排水口总溶解固体(TDS)的环境影响。虽然传统矿井水处理方法能够去除一些TDS组分,但是还无法有效地去除某些溶解性更高的主要盐离子。本文综述了经过小型和中型实验检验的TDS处理技术的主要原理、有效性、优点和缺点;它们包括吸附技术、生物修复、电容去离子化、脱盐、蒸馏、电化学离子交换、电凝聚、电渗析、离子交换、膜渗透、沉淀和反渗透。

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded and performed by the US EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. This paper has not been subjected to the Agency’s internal review; therefore, the opinions and results presented herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency or its policy. Mention of trade names and commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The authors thank Dr. Raghuraman Venkatapathy for his contribution to this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pegasus Technical Services, Inc, 46 E Hollister St, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA

    Patricio X. Pinto, David A. Balz & Samantha J. Smith

  2. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA

    Souhail R. Al-Abed & Barbara A. Butler

  3. Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd, Ft Meade, MD, 20755, USA

    Ronald B. Landy

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  1. Patricio X. Pinto
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  2. Souhail R. Al-Abed
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Correspondence to Souhail R. Al-Abed.

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Pinto, P.X., Al-Abed, S.R., Balz, D.A. et al. Bench-Scale and Pilot-Scale Treatment Technologies for the Removal of Total Dissolved Solids from Coal Mine Water: A Review. Mine Water Environ 35, 94–112 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-015-0351-7

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