Change history
15 June 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-021-02476-x
28 January 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-021-02412-z
References
Flusberg M, Kobi M, Bahrami S et al (2019) Multimodality imaging of pelvic floor anatomy. Abdom Radiol (NY). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02235-5(published online ahead of print November 12, 2019)
Bordeianou LG, Carmichael JC, Paquette IM et al (2018) Consensus statement of definitions for anorectal physiology testing and pelvic floor terminology (revised). Dis Colon Rectum 61:421–427
Ridgeway BM, Weinstein MM, Tunitsky-Bitton E (2018) American Urogynecologic Society best-practice statement on evaluation of obstructed defecation. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 24:383–391
Mellgren A, Bremmer S, Johansson C et al (1994) Defecography. Results of investigations in 2,816 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 37:1133–1141
Altman D, López A, Kierkegaard J et al (2005) Assessment of posterior vaginal wall prolapse: comparison of physical findings to cystodefecoperitoneography. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 16:96–103
Altman D, Mellgren A, Kierkegaard J, Zetterström J, Falconer C, López A (2004) Diagnosis of cystocele—the correlation between clinical and radiological evaluation. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 15:3–9
Kashyap AS, Kohli DR, Raizon A, Olden KW (2013) A prospective study evaluating emotional disturbance in subjects undergoing defecating proctography. World J Gastroenterol 19:3990–3995
Pescatori M, Spyrou M, Pulvirenti DA (2006) A prospective evaluation of occult disorders in obstructed defecation using the ‘iceberg diagram.’ Colorectal Dis 8:785–789
Palmer SL, Lalwani N, Bahrami S, Scholz F (2019) Dynamic fluoroscopic defecography: updates on rationale, technique, and interpretation from the Society of Abdominal Radiology Pelvic Floor Disease Focus Panel. Abdom Radiol (NY). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02169-y(published online ahead of print August 2, 2019)
Gonçalves AN, Sala MA, Bruno RC et al (2016) Defecography by digital radiography: experience in clinical practice. Radiol Bras 49:376–381
Jorge JM, Habr-Gama A, Wexner SD (2001) Clinical applications and techniques of cinedefecography. Am J Surg 182:93–101
Stoker J, Halligan S, Bartram CI (2001) Pelvic floor imaging. Radiology 218:621–641
Goei R, Kemerink G (1990) Radiation dose in defecography. Radiology 176:137–139
Ikenberry S, Lappas JC, Hana MP, Rex DK (1996) Defecography in healthy subjects: comparison of three contrast media. Radiology 201:233–238
Maglinte DD, Bartram C (2007) Dynamic imaging of posterior compartment pelvic floor dysfunction by evacuation proctography: techniques, indications, results and limitations. Eur J Radiol 61:454–461
Carrington EV, Scott SM, Bharucha A, International Anorectal Physiology Working Group and the International Working Group for Disorders of Gastrointestinal Motility and Function et al (2018) Expert consensus document: advances in the evaluation of anorectal function. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 15:309–323
Brennan D, Williams G, Kruskal J (2008) Practical performance of defecography for the evaluation of constipation and incontinence. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 29:420–426
Pilkington SA, Nugent KP, Brenner J et al (2012) Barium proctography vs magnetic resonance proctography for pelvic floor disorders: a comparative study. Colorectal Dis 14:1224–1230
Rex DK, Lappas JC (1992) Combined anorectal manometry and defecography in 50 consecutive adults with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 35:1040–1045
Bielefeldt K, Enck P, Zamboglou N, Moedder U, Erckenbrecht JF (1991) Anorectal manometry and defecography in the diagnosis of fecal incontinence. J Clin Gastroenterol 13:661–665
Kruyt RH, Delemarre JB, Gooszen HG, Hermans J (1992) Defecography and anorectal manometry. Eur J Radiol 15:166–170
Chaudhry Z, Tarnay C (2016) Descending perineum syndrome: a review of the presentation, diagnosis, and management. Int Urogynecol J 27:1149–1156
Felt-Bersma RJ, Luth WJ, Janssen JJ, Meuwissen SG (1990) Defecography in patients with anorectal disorders. Which findings are clinically relevant? Dis Colon Rectum 33:277–284
Agachan F, Pfeifer J, Wexner SD (1996) Defecography and proctography. Results of 744 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 39:899–905
Alves-Ferreira PC, Gurland B, Zutshi M, Hull T (2012) Perineal descent does not imply a more severe clinical disorder. Colorectal Dis 14:1372–1379
Choi JS, Wexner SD, Nam YS et al (2000) Intraobserver and interobserver measurements of the anorectal angle and perineal descent in defecography. Dis Colon Rectum 43:1121–1126
Grossi U, Di Tanna GL, Heinrich H, Taylor SA, Knowles CH, Scott SM (2018) Systematic review with meta-analysis: defecography should be a first-line diagnostic modality in patients with refractory constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 48:1186–1201
Jorge JM, Ger GC, Gonzalez L, Wexner SD (1994) Patient position during cinedefecography. Influence on perineal descent and other measurements. Dis Colon Rectum 37:927–931
Ambrose S, Keighley MR (1985) Outpatient measurement of perineal descent. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 67:306–308
Ho YH, Goh HS (1995) The neurophysiological significance of perineal descent. Int J Colorectal Dis 10:107–111
Shorvon PJ, McHugh S, Diamant NE, Somers S, Stevenson GW (1989) Defecography in normal volunteers: results and implications. Gut 30:1737–1749
Parks AG, Porter NH, Hardcastle J (1966) The syndrome of the descending perineum. Proc R Soc Med 59:477–482
Baek HN, Hwang YH, Jung YH (2010) Clinical significance of perineal descent in pelvic outlet obstruction diagnosed by using defecography. J Korean Soc Coloproctol 26:395–401
Chang J, Chung SS (2012) An analysis of factors associated with increased perineal descent in women. J Korean Soc Coloproctol 28:195–200
Lau CW, Heymen S, Alabaz O, Iroatulam AJ, Wexner SD (2000) Prognostic significance of rectocele, intussusception, and abnormal perineal descent in biofeedback treatment for constipated patients with paradoxical puborectalis contraction. Dis Colon Rectum 43:478–482
Tsunoda A, Ohta T, Kiyasu Y, Kusanagi H (2015) Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for rectoanal intussusception: postoperative evaluation with proctography. Dis Colon Rectum 58:449–456
Cundiff GW, Harris RL, Coates K, Low VH, Bump RC, Addison WA (1997) Abdominal sacral colpoperineopexy: a new approach for correction of posterior compartment defects and perineal descent associated with vaginal vault prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:1345–1353
Bordeianou L, Savitt L, Dursun A (2011) Measurements of pelvic floor dyssynergia: which test result matters? Dis Colon Rectum 54:60–65
Seong MK, Kim TW (2013) Significance of defecographic parameters in diagnosing pelvic floor dyssynergia. J Korean Surg Soc 84:225–230
Karasick S, Karasick D, Karasick SR (1993) Functional disorders of the anus and rectum: findings on defecography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 160:777–782
Maccioni F (2013) Functional disorders of the ano-rectal compartment of the pelvic floor: clinical and diagnostic value of dynamic MRI. Abdom Imaging 38:930–951
Bartram CI, Turnbull GK, Lennard-Jones JE (1988) Evacuation proctography: an investigation of rectal expulsion in 20 subjects without defecatory disturbance. Gastrointest Radiol 13:72–80
Bordeianou L, Hicks CW, Olariu A et al (2015) Effect of coexisting pelvic floor disorders on fecal incontinence quality of life scores: a prospective, survey-based study. Dis Colon Rectum 58:1091–1097
Watadani Y, Vogler SA, Warshaw JS et al (2013) Sacrocolpopexy with rectopexy for pelvic floor prolapse improves bowel function and quality of life. Dis Colon Rectum 56:1415–1422
Hainsworth AJ, Solanki D, Hamad A, Morris SJ, Schizas AM, Williams AB (2017) Integrated total pelvic floor ultrasound in pelvic floor defaecatory dysfunction. Colorectal Dis 19:O54–O65
Carter D, Gabel MB (2012) Rectocele—does the size matter? Int J Colorectal Dis 27:975–980
Delemarre JB, Kruyt RH, Doornbos J et al (1994) Anterior rectocele: assessment with radiographic defecography, dynamic magnetic resonance imaging, and physical examination. Dis Colon Rectum 37:249–259
Maglinte DD, Bartram CI, Hale DA et al (2011) Functional imaging of the pelvic floor. Radiology 258:23–39
Poncelet E, Rock A, Quinton JF et al (2017) Dynamic MR defecography of the posterior compartment: comparison with conventional x-ray defecography. Diagn Interv Imaging 98:327–332
Liu J, Zhai LD, Li YS, Liu WX, Wang RH (2009) Measuring the space between vagina and rectum as it relates to rectocele. World J Gastroenterol 15:3051–3054
Colaiacomo MC, Masselli G, Polettini E et al (2009) Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor: a pictorial review. Radiographics 29:e35
Hicks CW, Weinstein M, Wakamatsu M, Savitt L, Pulliam S, Bordeianou L (2014) In patients with rectoceles and obstructed defecation syndrome, surgery should be the option of last resort. Surgery 155:659–667
Palit S, Bhan C, Lunniss PJ et al (2014) Evacuation proctography: a reappraisal of normal variability. Colorectal Dis 16:538–546
de Vergie LC, Venara A, Duchalais E, Frampas E, Lehur PA (2017) Internal rectal prolapse: definition, assessment and management in 2016. J Visc Surg. 154:21–28
Cavallaro PM, Staller K, Savitt LR et al (2019) The contributions of internal intussusception, irritable bowel syndrome, and pelvic floor dyssynergia to obstructed defecation syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 62:56–62
Kim NY, Kim DH, Pickhardt PJ, Carchman EH, Wald A, Robbins JB (2018) Defecography: an overview of technique, interpretation, and impact on patient care. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 47:553–568
Tsunoda A, Takahashi T, Ohta T, Fujii W, Kiyasu Y, Kusanagi H (2016) Anterior intussusception descent during defecation is correlated with the severity of fecal incontinence in patients with rectoanal intussusception. Tech Coloproctol 20:171–176
Hawkins AT, Olariu AG, Savitt LR et al (2016) Impact of rising grades of internal rectal intussusception on fecal continence and symptoms of constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 59:54–61
Wijffels NA, Jones OM, Cunningham C, Bemelman WA, Lindsey I (2013) What are the symptoms of internal rectal prolapse? Colorectal Dis 15:368–373
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Interventional Review Programme (2018) Interventional procedure overview of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy for internal prolapse
Morandi C, Martellucci J, Talento P, Carriero A (2010) Role of enterocele in the obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS): a new radiological point of view. Colorectal Dis 12:810–816
Jorge JM, Yang YK, Wexner SD (1994) Incidence and clinical significance of sigmoidoceles as determined by a new classification system. Dis Colon Rectum 37:1112–1117
Acknowledgements
A complete list of the members of the Expert Workgroup on Fluoroscopic Imaging of Pelvic Floor Disorders is provided in Table 1.
Funding
None reported.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Consortia
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Financial Disclosures
None reported.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is being published concurrently in Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, and Techniques in Coloproctology. The articles are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal’s style. Citation from any of the 3 journals can be used when citing this article.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.dcrjournal.com).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Paquette, I., Rosman, D., Sayed, R.E. et al. Consensus Definitions and Interpretation Templates for Fluoroscopic Imaging of Defecatory Pelvic Floor Disorders. Tech Coloproctol 25, 3–17 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-020-02376-6
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-020-02376-6