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Bacterial Exopolysaccharides from Extreme Marine Environments with Special Consideration of the Southern Ocean, Sea Ice, and Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents: A Review

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Abstract

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are high molecular weight carbohydrate polymers that make up a substantial component of the extracellular polymers surrounding most microbial cells in the marine environment. EPSs constitute a large fraction of the reduced carbon reservoir in the ocean and enhance the survival of marine bacteria by influencing the physicochemical environment around the bacterial cell. Microbial EPSs are abundant in the Antarctic marine environment, for example, in sea ice and ocean particles, where they may assist microbial communities to endure extremes of temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability. The microbial biodiversity of Antarctic ecosystems is relatively unexplored. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments are characterized by high pressure, extreme temperature, and heavy metals. The commercial value of microbial EPSs from these habitats has been established recently. Extreme environments offer novel microbial biodiversity that produces varied and promising EPSs. The biotechnological potential of these biopolymers from hydrothermal vent environments as well as from Antarctic marine ecosystems remains largely untapped.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Drs. June Olley and Peter Nichols for their careful reading and helpful suggestions during the preparation of this manuscript. The efforts of three anonymous referees are acknowledged as their comments significantly improved this review. C.M.N. was supported by a Tasmanian Post-graduate Research Scholarship and by funding provided by the Australian Antarctic Division. C.M.N. also received a travel award from the Australian Academy of Science and the French Embassy in Canberra, Australia. Figures 1–4 are reprinted with kind permission of Springer Science+Business Media.

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  1. School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia

    C.A. Mancuso Nichols

  2. Institute Français de Recherche pour I’Exploitation de la Mer, Centre de Brest, DRV/VP, Plouzané, France

    J. Guezennec

  3. Australian Centre of Excellence for Food Safety, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

    J.P. Bowman

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  1. C.A. Mancuso Nichols
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  2. J. Guezennec
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  3. J.P. Bowman
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Correspondence to C.A. Mancuso Nichols.

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Nichols, C.M., Guezennec, J. & Bowman, J. Bacterial Exopolysaccharides from Extreme Marine Environments with Special Consideration of the Southern Ocean, Sea Ice, and Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents: A Review. Mar Biotechnol 7, 253–271 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-004-5118-2

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