Abstract
Adapting to water scarcity is a critical issue for many cities around the world as they respond to the influences of population growth, urbanisation and climate change. There is increasing recognition that geographic context has an impact on experiences of and approaches to domestic water use, but research comparing urban environments is scarce. This paper describes different domestic water cultures after the Millennium drought in three Australian cities—Melbourne, Perth and Brisbane. All three cities have experienced drought, or severe water shortages, over the past 15 years, and each city has responded differently. The experience of water scarcity and water restrictions imposed by governments impacted on people’s everyday lives in varied and profound ways. Drawing on quantitative data from a national survey (n = 5194) and qualitative data from focus groups, we found that a sense of water crisis led to household water conservation in Brisbane and Melbourne. In contrast, access to alternative water sources in Perth through desalination plants and household bores de-emphasised personal responses to household water conservation. The implications are that urban specific policies and interventions are needed to provide durable change in domestic water cultures. We argue that greater water sensitivity and responsiveness to water availability should be promoted in different urban centres, and that water supply solutions should be accompanied by initiatives that promote adoption of sustainable water practices and future resilience.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) Western Australian Statistical Indicators (2010) Catalogue No 1367.5. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/1367.5Feature%20Article82010?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1367.5&issue=2010&num=&view=. Accessed 3 August 2016
Aisbett E, Steinhauser R (2014) Maintaining the common pool: voluntary water conservation in response to varying scarcity. Environ Resour Econ 59:167–185. doi:10.1007/s10640-013-9722-3
Alcamo J, Florke M, Marker M (2007) Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes. Hydrolog Sci J 52:247–275. doi:10.1623/hysj.52.2.247
Allon F, Sofoulis Z (2006) Everyday water: cultures in transition. Austr Geogr 37:45–55. doi:10.1080/00049180500511962
Beal CD, Makki A, Stewart RA (2014) What does rebounding water use look like? An examination of post-drought and post-flood water end-use demand in Queensland, Australia. Water Sci Technol 14:561–568. doi:10.2166/ws.2014.008
Breyer B, Chang H, Parandvash GH (2012) Land-use, temperature, and single-family residential water use patterns in Portland, Oregon and Phoenix, Arizona. Appl Geogr 35:142–151. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.012
Bureau of Meteorology (2016) Recent rainfall, drought and southern Australia’s long-term rainfall decline. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/updates/articles/a010-southern-rainfall-decline.shtml. Accessed 12 January 2016
Dean AJ, Lindsay J, Fielding KS, Smith LD (2016a) Fostering water sensitive citizenship–Community profiles of engagement in water-related issues. Environ Sci Policy 55:238–247. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.10.016
Dean AJ, Fielding KS, Lindsay J, Newton FJ, Ross H (2016b) How social capital influences community support for alternative water sources. Sustainable Cities and Society (in press). doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.016
Dolnicar S, Hurlimann A, Nghiem LD (2010) The effect of information on public acceptance—The case of water from alternative sources. J Environ Manage 91:1288–1293. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.02.003
Dolnicar S, Hurlimann A, Grun B (2012) Water conservation behavior in Australia. J Environ Manage 105:44–52. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.042
Fielding KS, Roiko AH (2014) Providing information promotes greater public support for potable recycled water. Water Res 61:86–96. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.002
Fielding KS, Russell S, Spinks A, Mankad A (2012) Determinants of household water conservation: the role of demographic, infrastructure, behaviour, and psychosocial variables. Water Resour Res 48:W10510. doi:10.1029/2012WR012398
Fielding KS, Spinks A, Russell S, McCrea R, Stewart R, Gardner J (2013) An experimental test of voluntary strategies to promote urban water demand management. J Environ Manage 114:343–351. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.027
Fielding K, Thompson A, Louis WR, Warren C (2010) Environmental sustainability: understanding the attitudes and behaviour of Australian households. AHURI final report no. 152. Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Melbourne
Gibbs LM (2006) Valuing water: variability and the Lake Eyre Basin, central Australia. Austr Geogr 37:73–85. doi:10.1080/00049180500511988
Gibbs LM (2010) “A beautiful soaking rain”: environmental value and water beyond Eurocentrism. Environ Plann D 28:363–378. doi:10.1068/d9207
Gilbertson M, Hurlimann A, Dolnicar S (2011) Does water context influence behaviour and attitudes to water conservation? Australas J Environ 18:47–60. doi:10.1080/14486563.2011.566160
Graymore MLM, Wallis AM (2010) Water savings or water efficiency? Water-use attitudes and behaviour in rural and regional areas. Int J Sust Dev World 17:84–93. doi:10.1080/13504500903497249
Head L, Muir P (2007) Changing cultures of water in eastern Australian backyard gardens. Soc Cult Geogr 8:889–905. doi:10.1080/14649360701712651
Heberger M (2011) Australia’s millennium drought: Impacts and responses. In: Gleick P (ed) The world’s water, Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, Washington DC, pp 97–125. doi:10.5822/978-1-59726-228-6_5
http://www.watercorporation.com.au/~/media/files/about-us/planning-for-the-future/perth-10-year-water-supply-strategy.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2015
Hurlimann A, Dolnicar S (2016) Public acceptance and perceptions of alternative water sources: a comparative study in nine locations. Int J Water Resour Dev 32:650–673. doi:10.1080/07900627.2016.1143350
Jorgensen B, Martin J, Pearce M, Willis E (2014) Predicting household water consumption with individual-level variables. Environ Behav 46:872–897. doi:10.1177/0013916513482462
Kallis G (2007) When is it coevolution? Ecol Econ 62:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.12.016
Kallis G (2010) Coevolution in water resource development: the vicious cycle of water supply and demand in Athens, Greece. Ecol Econ 69:796–809. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.07.025
Loh M, Coghlan P (2003) Domestic Water Use Study 1998/2001. Water Corporation, Perth
Maller C, Strengers Y (2013) The global migration of everyday life: investigating the practice memories of Australian migrants. Geoforum 44:243–252. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.09.002
Melbourne Water (2014) Water Outlook for Melbourne. http://www.melbournewater.com.au/getinvolved/saveandreusewater/Documents/Water%20Outlook%20December%202014.pdf. Accessed 29 June 2015
Miles MB, Huberman AM (1994) Qualitative data analysis, 2nd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks
Moy C (2012) Rainwater tank households: water savers or Water users? Geogr Res 50:204–216. doi:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2011.00720.x
Oxford Dictionary, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/the-new-normal. Accessed 30 June 2015
Patterson Ross Z, Komadina N, Deng YM, Spirason N, Kelly HA, Sullivan SG, Barr IG, Holmes EC (2015) Inter-seasonal influenza is characterized by extended virus transmission and persistence. PLoS Pathog 11:1–16. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004991
Randolph B, Troy P (2008) Attitudes to conservation and water consumption. Environ Sci Policy 11:441–455. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2008.03.003
Sahin O, Stewart R, Helfer F (2015) Bridging the water supply-demand gap in Australia: coupling water demand efficiency with rain-independent desalination supply. Water Resour Manag 29:253–272. doi:10.1007/s11269-014-0794-9
Seqwater (2015) Water for life: South East Queensland’s water security program 2015–2045. Ipswich, Australia. http://www.seqwater.com.au/waterforlife. Accessed 29 June 2015
Turner A, Fyfe J, Retamal M, White S, Coates A (2010) SEQ’s One to One water savings program. Water February: 54–59. http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=201003135;res=IELAPA
Vörösmarty CJ, Green P, Salisbury J, Lammers RB (2000) Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science 289:284–288. doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.284
Walton A, Hume M (2011) Creating positive habits in water conservation: the case of the Queensland Water Commission and the Target 140 campaign. Int J Nonprofit and Volunt Sect Mark 16:215–224. doi:10.1002/nvsm.421
Water Corporation (2011) Water forever, whatever the weather: Drought-proofing Perth. Water Corporation, Perth
Water Corporation (2013) Groundwater Replenishment Trial: Final Report. Water Corporation, Perth, Australia. http://www.watercorporation.com.au/~/media/files/residential/water%20supply%20and%20services/gwrt/gwrt-final-report.pdf. Accessed 11 April 2016
Water Corporation (2014) Freshwater Thinking. Annual Report 2014. Water Corporation, Perth, Australia. http://www.watercorporation.com.au/about-us/our-performance/annual-report/annual-report-2014. Accessed 29 June 2015
Wiener JD, Pulwarty RS, Ware D (2016) Bite without bark: how the socioeconomic context of the 1950s US drought minimized responses to a multiyear extreme climate event. Weather Clim Extremes 11:80–94. doi:10.1016/j.wace.2015.11.007
World Resources Institute (WRI) (2016) Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas, Baseline Water Risk. http://www.wri.org/applications/maps/aqueduct-country-river-basin-rankings/#x=0.00&y=−0.07&l=2&v=home&d=bws&f=0&o=9. Accessed 19 February 2016
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Paul Satur for help in conducting the focus groups in Perth and Brisbane. We are grateful to the participants for sharing their thoughts with us. This research was supported by the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Commonwealth of Australia RM4 Project Number—2013001906. RMO Code—CF13/580.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editor: Erica Smithwick.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lindsay, J., Dean, A.J. & Supski, S. Responding to the Millennium drought: comparing domestic water cultures in three Australian cities. Reg Environ Change 17, 565–577 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1048-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1048-6