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State-of-the-art in visual geo-localization

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Abstract

Large-scale visual geo-localization has recently gained a lot of attention in computer vision research and new methods are proposed steadily. However, surveys of visual geo-localization methods are rare and they focus mainly on city-scale localization methods. We present a comprehensive and balanced study of existing visual geo-localization domains, including city-scale, global approaches and methods for natural environments. We describe the methods to show their pros and cons, application domains, datasets, as well as evaluation techniques. We categorize the reviewed methods by two criteria. The first is the type of data the method uses for geo-location estimation. The second criterion is the target environment for which the method has been proposed and validated. Based on this categorization, we analyze important conditions that must be considered while solving geo-localization problems. Each category is in a different state of research—while city-scale image-based methods received a lot of attention, other categories such as natural environments using cross-domain data sources are still challenging problems under active research. Future research of large-scale visual geo-localization is discussed, primarily the challenging and new research category—geo-localization in natural environments.

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Notes

  1. Author’s note: in a reference database of geo-tagged images.

  2. http://crcv.ucf.edu/projects/GMCP_Geolocalization/.

  3. http://graphics.cs.cmu.edu/projects/im2gps/.

  4. http://webscope.sandbox.yahoo.com/catalog.php?datatype=i&did=67.

  5. https://purl.stanford.edu/vn158kj2087.

  6. https://roboticvision.atlassian.net/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=14188617.

  7. http://cphoto.fit.vutbr.cz/elevation/.

  8. http://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/bigsfm/#data.

  9. http://vision.soic.indiana.edu/projects/disco/.

  10. https://landmark3d.codeplex.com/.

  11. http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/projects/relocalisation/#results.

  12. http://cvg.ethz.ch/research/mountain-localization/.

  13. http://cs.uky.edu/~scott/research/deeplyfound/.

  14. http://nationalmap.gov/elevation.html.

  15. http://nationalmap.gov/elevation.html.

  16. http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_data.php.

  17. http://gapanalysis.usgs.gov/gaplandcover/.

  18. https://code.google.com/p/s2-geometry-library/.

  19. http://www.geoguessr.com.

  20. http://purl.stanford.edu/vn158kj2087.

  21. https://www.geoguessr.com/.

  22. http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/vfyw-contest/.

  23. http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/projects/relocalisation/#results.

  24. http://www.google.com/mobile/goggles.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by SoMoPro II grant (financial contribution from the EU 7 FP People Programme Marie Curie Actions, REA 291782, and from the South Moravian Region). The content of this article does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed therein lies entirely with the authors. This work was also supported by The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports from the Large Infrastructures for Research, Experimental Development and Innovations project "IT4Innovations National Supercomputing Center - LM2015070".

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    Jan Brejcha & Martin Čadík

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Brejcha, J., Čadík, M. State-of-the-art in visual geo-localization. Pattern Anal Applic 20, 613–637 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-017-0611-1

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