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Identification of the influencing factors on groundwater drought and depletion in north-western Bangladesh

Identification des facteurs influençant la sécheresse et le rabattement des eaux souterraines au nord-ouest du Bangladesh

Identificación de los factores que influyen en la sequía y el agotamiento del agua subterránea en el noroeste de Bangladesh

孟加拉西北部影响地下水短缺和枯竭因素的确定

Identificação de fatores de influência na estiagem e depleção das águas subterrâneas no noroeste de Bangladesh

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Abstract

Groundwater drought is a specific type of hydrological drought that concerns groundwater bodies. It may have a significant adverse effect on the socio-economic, agricultural, and environmental conditions. Investigating the effect of different climatic and anthropogenic factors on groundwater drought provides essential information for sustainable planning and management of (ground) water resources. The aim of this study is to identify the influencing factors on groundwater drought in north-western Bangladesh, to understand the forcing mechanisms. A multi-step methodology is proposed to achieve this objective. The standardised precipitation index (SPI) and reconnaissance drought index (RDI) have been used to quantify the aggregated deficit between precipitation and the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, i.e. meteorological drought. The influence of land-cover patterns on the groundwater drought has been identified by calculating spatially distributed groundwater recharge as a function of land cover. Groundwater drought is defined by a threshold method. The results show that the evapotranspiration and rainfall deficits are determining meteorological drought, which shows a direct relation with groundwater recharge deficits. Land-cover change has a small effect on groundwater recharge but does not seem to be the main cause of groundwater-level decline (depletion) in the study area. The groundwater depth and groundwater-level deficit (drought) is continuously increasing with little correlation to meteorological drought or recharge anomalies. Overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation seems to be the main cause of groundwater-level decline in the study area. Efficient irrigation management is essential to reduce the growing pressure on groundwater resources and ensure sustainable water management.

Résumé

La sécheresse en eaux souterraines est un type spécifique de sécheresse hydrologique qui concerne les systèmes aquifères. Elle peut avoir un effet nuisible significatif sur les conditions socio-économiques, agricoles, et environnementales. L’étude de l’effet de différents facteurs climatiques et anthropiques sur la sécheresse en eaux souterraines fournit une information essentielle pour la planification et la gestion durable de ces ressources. Le but de cette étude est d’identifier les facteurs influençant la sécheresse en eau souterraine au nord-ouest du Bangladesh, pour comprendre les mécanismes de forçage. On propose une méthodologie en plusieurs étapes pour atteindre cet objectif. L’indice des précipitations normalisées (SPI) et l’indice de reconnaissance de la sècheresse (RDI) ont été employés pour mesurer le déficit agrégé entre la précipitation et la demande évaporatoire de l’atmosphère, c.-à-d. la sécheresse météorologique. L’influence de l’occupation du sol sur la sécheresse en eaux souterraines a été identifiée en calculant la distribution spatiale de la recharge en fonction de l’occupation du sol. La sécheresse en eaux souterraines est définie par une méthode de seuil. Les résultats prouvent que les déficits d’évapotranspiration et de précipitations déterminent la sécheresse météorologique qui montre une relation directe avec les déficits de recharge d’eaux souterraines. Les changements dans l’occupation du sol ont un léger effet sur la recharge d’eaux souterraines mais ils ne semblent pas être la cause principale du déclin du niveau (rabattement) des eaux souterraines dans le secteur d’étude. La profondeur des eaux souterraines et le déficit de niveau des eaux souterraines (sécheresse) augmente sans interruption montrant peu de corrélation avec les anomalies de sècheresse météorologique ou de recharge. La surexploitation des eaux souterraines pour l’irrigation semble être la cause principale du déclin du niveau des eaux souterraines dans le secteur d’étude. Une gestion efficace de l’irrigation est essentielle pour réduire la pression croissante sur les ressources en eaux souterraines et pour assurer la gestion durable de l’eau.

Resumen

La sequía del agua subterránea es un tipo específico de sequía hidrológica que afecta a los cuerpos de agua subterránea. Puede tener un efecto adverso significativo en las condiciones socioeconómicas, agrícolas y ambientales. La investigación del efecto de los diferentes factores climáticos y antropogénicos sobre la sequía del agua subterránea proporcionan información esencial para la planificación y gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos subterráneos. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar los factores que influyen en la sequía del agua subterránea en el noroeste de Bangladesh, para comprender los mecanismos forzantes. Para alcanzar este objetivo se propone una metodología en varias etapas. El índice de precipitación estandarizado (SPI) y el índice de reconocimiento de la sequía (RDI) se han utilizado para cuantificar el déficit total entre la precipitación y la demanda de evaporación de la atmósfera, es decir, la sequía meteorológica. La influencia de los patrones de cobertura del suelo en la sequía del agua subterránea se han identificado mediante el cálculo de la recarga de agua subterránea espacialmente distribuida en función de la cobertura del suelo. La sequía del agua subterránea se define mediante un método umbral. Los resultados muestran que la evapotranspiración y el déficit pluviométrico están determinando una sequía meteorológica que muestra una relación directa con los déficit de recarga del agua subterránea. El cambio en la cobertura del suelo tiene un pequeño efecto sobre la recarga del agua subterránea, pero no parece ser la principal causa de disminución (agotamiento) del nivel del agua subterránea en el área de estudio. La profundidad del agua subterránea y el déficit a nivel del agua subterránea (sequía) está aumentando continuamente con poca correlación con las sequías meteorológicas o las anomalías de recarga. La sobreexplotación del agua subterránea para el riego parece ser la principal causa de la disminución del nivel del agua subterránea en el área de estudio. La gestión eficaz del riego es esencial para reducir la creciente presión sobre los recursos hídricos subterráneos y garantizar una gestión sostenible del agua.

摘要

地下水干旱是一种特别的有关地下水体的水干旱。它可对社会-经济、农业和环境状况产生负面影响。调查不同气候和人为因素对地下水干旱的影响能够为(地)下水资源的可持续规划和管理提供基本信息。本研究的目的就是确定影响孟加拉西北部地下水干旱的因素,了解其机理。为了达到这个目标,提出了一个多步骤方法。采用标准化的降水指数(SPI)及勘测干旱指数(RDI)对降水和大气蒸发需求,也就是气象干旱之间的聚合赤字进行了量化。通过计算作为土地盖层函数的空间分布的地下水补给,确定了土地覆盖层模式对地下水干旱的影响。通过阈值方法定义了地下水干旱。结果显示,蒸发蒸腾和降雨赤字决定了气象干旱,而气象干旱显示和地下水补给赤字有直接关系。土地盖层变化对地下水补给有很小的影响,但似乎不是研究区地下水位下降(枯竭)的主要原因。地下水深度和地下水位赤字(干旱)持续增加,与气象干旱和补给异常相关性很小。用于灌溉的地下水超采似乎是研究区地下水位下降的主要原因。有效灌溉管理对于降低地下水资源日益增长的压力以及确保可持续水管理至关重要。

Resumo

A estiagem das águas subterrâneas é um tipo específico de estiagem hidrológica que se refere aos aquíferos. Isso pode ter um significativo efeito adverso em condições socioeconômicas, agrícolas e ambientais. Investigar os efeitos de diferentes fatores climáticos e antropogênicos na estiagem das águas subterrâneas prove informações essenciais para um planejamento e gerenciamento sustentável dos recursos hídricos (subterrâneos). O objetivo desse estudo é identificar os fatores de influência na estiagem das águas subterrâneas no noroeste de Bangladesh, para entender os mecanismos forçantes. Uma metodologia multipasso é proposta para atingir esse objetivo. O índice de precipitação padronizado (SPI) e o índice de reparação de seca (RDI) foram usados para quantificar o déficit agregado entre a precipitação e a demanda evaporativa da atmosfera, p. ex. seca meteorológica. A influência dos padrões de cobertura da terra na estiagem das águas subterrâneas foi identificada pelo cálculo da recarga distribuída das águas subterrâneas como uma função da cobertura da terra. A estiagem das águas subterrâneas é definida por um método de intervalos. Os resultados mostram que os déficits na evapotranspiração e precipitação são secas meteorológicas determinantes que mostram uma relação direta com os déficits da recarga das águas subterrâneas. Mudanças na cobertura da terra tiveram um pequeno efeito na recarga das águas subterrâneas, mas não parecem ser a principal causa do declínio (depleção) das águas subterrâneas na área de estudo. A profundidade das águas subterrâneas e o déficit nos níveis das águas subterrâneas (estiagem) estão aumentando continuamente com uma pequena correlação com a seca meteorológica ou anomalias na recarga. Superexploração das águas subterrâneas para irrigação parece ser a principal causa do declínio dos níveis das águas subterrâneas na área de estudo. Gestão eficiente da irrigação é essencial para reduzir a pressão crescente nos recursos hídricos subterrâneos e garantir um gerenciamento sustentável da água.

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Acknowledgements

The research presented in this report is linked to the work on the ‘identification of influencing factors of groundwater resources in a drought context’ done within the framework of the GroWaDRISK project (BELSPO SSD programme, project number SD/RI/05A). The authors would like to thank the reviewers and the editor for reviewing our manuscript very carefully and for their constructive comments and suggestions, which significantly improved this work.

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Mustafa, S.M.T., Abdollahi, K., Verbeiren, B. et al. Identification of the influencing factors on groundwater drought and depletion in north-western Bangladesh. Hydrogeol J 25, 1357–1375 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1547-7

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