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Use of continuous measurements of dissolved organic matter fluorescence in groundwater to characterize fast infiltration through an unstable fractured hillslope (Valabres rockfall, French Alps)

Mesure continue de matière organique dissoute dans l’eau de nappe pour caractériser une infiltration rapide à travers une formation de pente fracturée instable (Eboulis Valabres, Alpes françaises)

Uso de mediciones continuas de fluorescencia de materia orgánica disuelta en agua subterránea para caracterizar la infiltración rápida a través de un faldeo fracturado inestable (Valabres rockfall, Alpes franceses)

应用地下水中溶解有机物荧光连续观测描述某不稳定裂隙发育山坡区的快速入渗 (法国阿尔卑斯山脉Valabres岩崩区)

Uso de medições contínuas de fluorescência da matéria orgânica dissolvida em água subterrânea para caracterizar a infiltração rápida através de uma vertente fracturada instável (zona de queda de blocos de Valabres, Alpes Franceses)

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Abstract

Continuous measurements of natural fluorescence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in groundwater have been used to characterize infiltration through an unstable fractured hillslope at the event time scale. Within the gneissic Valabres rockfall area in the southern French Alps, two sites, in the unstable massif and in the collapse area, were continuously monitored for electrical conductivity and for DOM natural fluorescence using a field fluorometer, and analyzed weekly for hydrochemical data. Two main results were found. From a methodological point of view, DOM natural fluorescence was a relevant tracer of fast infiltration in fissured media, knowing that continuous measurements improved the study of infiltration processes at the event time scale. From a hydrogeological point of view, the unstable fractured massif showed delayed dilution phenomena and the collapse areas showed fast and slow infiltration by piston-type flows via more or less open fractures. Consequently, from this conceptual model one may suppose that, unlike the collapse zones, the fractured hillslope threatening the valley is not submitted to strong pore-water pressure variations.

Résumé

Des mesures en continu de la fluorescence naturelle de la matière organique dissoute (DOM) dans les eaux souterraines ont été utilisées pour caractériser l’infiltration à travers un versant fracturé instable. Dans la région gneissique de l’éboulement de Valabres dans les Alpes françaises du Sud, deux sites, dans le massif instable et dans la zone de glissement, sont suivis en continu pour des mesures de conductivité électrique et de fluorescence naturelle avec un fluorimètre de terrain, et sont l’objet de mesures hydrochimiques hebdomadaires. D’un point de vue méthodologique, la fluorescence naturelle DOM est un traceur pertinent de l'infiltration rapide en milieu fissuré, sachant que des mesures continues améliorent l’étude du processus d’infiltration à l’échelle de l’évènement. D’un point de vue hydrogéologique, le massif fracturé instable montre des phénomènes de dilution retardée et la zone de glissement montre une infiltration rapide et lente par écoulements de type piston via des fractures plus ou moins ouvertes. En conséquence, à partir de ce modèle conceptuel, on peut supposer que, à la différence des zones de glissement, la porosté de fissure dans le versant fracturé menaçant la vallée n’est pas soumise à de fortes variations de pression d’eau.

Resumen

Se utilizaron las mediciones de fluorescencia natural de material orgánica disuelta (DOM) en agua subterránea para caracterizar la infiltración a través de un faldeo fracturado inestable en la escala temporal del evento. Se monitorearon continuamente dos sitios en el macizo inestable y en el área de colapso, dentro del área de derrumbes de rocas gnéisicas de Valabres en el sur de los Alpes Francés, para determinar la conductividad eléctrica y la fluorescencia natural de DOM usando un fluorómetro de campo, y se analizaron semanalmente para obtener datos hidroquímicos. Se encontraron dos resultados principales. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, la fluorescencia natural DOM fue un trazador relevante de la infiltración rápida en medios fisurados, sabiendo que las medidas continuas mejoraban el estudio de los procesos de infiltración en una escala temporal del evento. Desde un punto de vista hidrogeológico, el macizo fracturado inestable mostró un fenómeno de dilución retardada y las áreas de colapso mostraron infiltración rápida y lenta de flujos de tipo pistón a través de fracturas más o menos abiertas. Consecuentemente, a partir de este modelo conceptual se puede suponer que, a diferencia de las zonas de colapsos, el faldeo fracturado que amenaza el valle no está sometida a fuertes variaciones en la presión del agua poral.

摘要

应用地下水中溶解有机物 (DOM) 的天然荧光连续观测对不稳定裂隙发育山坡区的快速入渗在事件的时间尺度上进行了研究。在法国南部阿尔卑斯山脉的Valabres片麻岩岩崩区, 在不稳定岩体和塌方区的两个场地对电导率和DOM天然荧光 (通过野外自动化荧光仪) 进行了连续观测, 并对水化学数据进行周分析。得到了两个主要的结果。从方法论角度看, DOM天然荧光是裂隙介质快速入渗的恰当示踪剂, 其连续观测在事件时间尺度上提高了对入渗过程的认识。从水文地质角度看, 不稳定裂隙岩体表现出延迟稀释现象, 塌方区表现为通过或多或少的开放裂隙的活塞流快速和缓慢入渗。因此, 从这个概念模型可以推论, 与其它塌方区不同, 威胁山谷的裂隙发育的山坡并非由强的孔隙水压力变化造成。

Resumo

Medições contínuas de fluorescência natural da matéria orgânica dissolvida (dissolved organic matter – DOM) em água subterrânea têm sido usadas para caracterizar a infiltração através de uma vertente fracturada instável à escala de tempo do evento. Dentro da zona de queda de blocos dos gnaisses de Valabres, no sul dos Alpes Franceses, foram seleccionados dois locais na área instável do maciço e na área de colapso, onde uma monitorização contínua da condutividade eléctrica e da fluorescência natural da DOM, esta recorrendo ao uso de um fluorómetro de campo, permitiu a análise semanal dos dados hidroquímicos. Duas conclusões principais foram obtidas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a fluorescência natural de DOM foi um traçador relevante para identificação de infiltrações rápidas em meios fissurados, sabendo que medições contínuas melhoram os estudos dos processos de infiltração à escala de tempo do evento. Do ponto de vista hidrogeológico, o maciço fracturado instável mostrou um atraso no fenómeno de diluição e as áreas colapsadas mostraram uma infiltração rápida e lenta por fluxos tipo pistão via fracturas mais ou menos abertas. Consequentemente, a partir deste modelo conceptual, pode-se supor que, ao contrário das zonas de colapso, o declive fracturado que ameaça o vale não está submetido a fortes variações de pressão da água nos poros.

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Acknowledgements

This research was financed by INERIS (Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques) and the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development, through STABROCK “Impact of climate changes on the stability of rock slopes: observation, experimentation and modeling”. Many thanks to Bruno Regent for the field work.

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Correspondence to Jean-Baptiste Charlier.

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Charlier, JB., Bertrand, C., Binet, S. et al. Use of continuous measurements of dissolved organic matter fluorescence in groundwater to characterize fast infiltration through an unstable fractured hillslope (Valabres rockfall, French Alps). Hydrogeol J 18, 1963–1969 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0670-5

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