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Influence of hydrostratigraphy and structural setting on the arsenic occurrence in groundwater of the Cimino-Vico volcanic area (central Italy)

Influence des paramètres hydrostatiques et structuraux sur la présence d’arsenic dans les eaux souterraines dans la région volcanique de Cimino-Vico (Italie centrale)

Influencia del esquema hidroestratigráfico y estructural sobre la existencia de arsénico en las aguas subterráneas del área volcánica de Cimino – Vico (Italia central)

水文地层和构造对Cimino-Vico火山岩地区 (意大利中部) 地下水中砷分布的影响

Influenza dell’assetto idrostratigrafico e strutturale sulla presenza dell’arsenico nelle acque sotterranee dell’area vulcanica del Cimino-Vico (Italia centrale)

Influência da hidrostratigrafia e do enquadramento estrutural na ocorrência de arsénio nas água subterrâneas da zona vulcânica de Cimino-Vico (Itália central)

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Abstract

Arsenic occurrence in groundwater near the Cimino-Vico volcanoes (central Italy) was analysed considering the hydrostratigraphy and structural setting and the shallow and deep flows interacting within the Quaternary volcanics. Groundwater is the local source of drinking water. As documented in the past, arsenic in the groundwater has become a problem, and the European maximum allowable contaminant level was recently lowered to 10 μg/L. Chemical analyses of groundwater were conducted, sampled over an area of about 900 km2, from 65 wells and springs representative of the volcanic aquifer and thermal waters. Considering the type of aquifer, the nature of the aquifer formation and its substratum, the hydrochemical data highlight that the arsenic content of the groundwater is mainly connected with the hydrothermal processes in the volcanic area. Thermal waters (54–60°C) fed from deep-rising fluids show higher arsenic concentrations (176–371 μg/L). Cold waters sampled from the volcanic aquifer are characterized by a wide variability in their arsenic concentration (1.6–195 μg/L), and about 62% exceed the limit of 10 μg/L. Where the shallow volcanic aquifer is open to deep-rising thermal fluids, relatively high arsenic concentrations (20–100 μg/L) are found. This occurs close to areas of the more recent volcano-tectonic structures.

Résumé

La présence d’arsenic dans les eaux souterraines près des volcans de Cimino-Vico (Italie Centrale) a été analysée en considérant les paramètres hydrostatiques et structuraux et les flux superficiels et plus profonds interagissant avec les volcans Quaternaires. L’eau souterraine est utilisée localement comme eau potable. Comme observé précédemment, l’arsenic dans les eaux souterraines est devenu un problème et, au niveau européen, la concentration maximale tolérée a récemment été abaissée à 10 μg/L. Sur une surface de 900 km2, une campagne d’échantillonnage a été organisée et les analyses chimiques effectuées sur 65 puits et sources représentatifs de l’aquifère volcanique et eaux thermales. Considérant ce type d’aquifère, la nature des formations aquifères et substratum, les données hydrochimiques montrent que les teneurs en arsenic dans les eaux souterraines sont principalement liées aux processus thermaux dans le secteur des volcans. Les eaux thermales (54–60°C) provenant des fluides d’origine profonde ont des concentrations élevées en arsenic (176–371 μg/L). Les eaux froides de l’aquifère volcanique sont caractérisées par des concentrations en arsenic très variables (1.6–195 μg/L) dont environ 62% dépassent la limite de 10 μg/L. Lorsque l’aquifère volcanique peu profond est influencé par les eaux thermales profondes, à proximité des structures volcano-tectoniques les plus récentes, des concentrations fortes en arsenic ont été mesurées (20–100 μg/L).

Resumen

La existencia de arsénico en las aguas subterráneas en las proximidades de los volcanes de Cimino - Vico (Italia central) fue analizada considerando los esquemas hidroestratigráfico y estructural y la interacción de los flujos profundos y someros dentro de los volcanes Cuaternarios. El agua subterránea es la fuente local de agua potable. Tal como fue documentado en el pasado, el arsénico en las aguas subterráneas se ha convertido en un problema, y nivel máximo del contaminante permitido en Europa fue recientemente reducido a 10 μg/L. Se realizaron análisis químicos de las aguas subterráneas, muestreándose 65 pozos y manantiales en una superficie de unos 900 km2, los cuales son representativos del acuífero volcánico y de las aguas termales. Considerando el tipo de acuífero, la naturaleza de la formación acuífera y su sustrato, en los datos hidroquímicos se destaca que el contenido de arsénico en las aguas subterráneas está fundamentalmente relacionado con los procesos hidrotermales en la zona volcánica. Las aguas termales (54–60°C) alimentadas por fluidos ascendentes profundos muestran mayores concentraciones de arsénico (176–371 μg/L). Las aguas frías muestreadas aguas en el acuífero volcánico se caracterizan por una gran variabilidad en su concentración de arsénico (1.6–195 μg/L), y alrededor del 62% exceden el límite del 10 μg/L. Donde el acuífero volcánico superficial está abierto a los fluidos térmicos ascendentes profundos, se encuentran concentraciones relativamente altas de arsénico (20–100 μg/l). Esto ocurre cerca a las zonas de las estructuras volcanico-tectónicas más recientes.

摘要

基于水文地层情况和构造及浅部流与深部流在第四系火山岩中相互作用, 分析了Cimino-Vico火山岩地区 (意大利中部) 地下水中砷的分布。地下水是当地的饮用水源。根据历史记载, 地下水中的砷一直是一个问题, 而欧洲的最大允许含量最近已降至10 μg/L。对约900 km2范围内能够代表火山岩含水层地下水和地热水的65眼井泉中采取的水样进行了化学分析。结合含水层类型、含水层组及其下伏地层的性质, 水化学数据突出地表明, 地下水中砷的含量主要与火山岩地区的水热过程有关。来自深部上升流的地热水(54–60 °C)砷浓度较高 (176–371 μg/L)。 从火山岩含水层中取的冷水样, 其砷浓度范围变化较大(1.6–195 μg/L), 有约62%超过了10 μg/L的上限值。在浅部火山岩含水层与深部上升地热流体连通的地方, 地下水砷浓度相对较高(20–100 μg/L)。这种现象发生在靠近期火山-构造较活动的地区。

Riassunto

La presenza di arsenico nelle acque sotterranee dell’area vulcanica del Cimino-Vico (Italia centrale) è stata analizzata considerando l’assetto idrostratigrafico e strutturale e l’interazione di circuiti idrici relativamente superficiali e profondi nelle vulcaniti quaternarie. Le acque sotterranee rappresentano la fonte locale di approvvigionamento dell’acqua potabile. Come documentanto in passato, l’arsenico nelle acque sotterranee è diventato un problema, anche perché la concentrazione massima ammissibile è stata recentemente abbassata a 10 μg/L dalle norme della Comunità Europea. Sono state condotte analisi chimiche delle acque sotterranee su un’area di circa 900 km2, campionando 65 pozzi e sorgenti rappresentativi dell’acquifero vulcanico e delle acque termali. Considerando il tipo di acquifero, la natura della formazione acquifera e del suo substrato, i dati idrochimici evidenziano che il contenuto di arsenico nelle acque sotterranee è principalmente connesso con i processi idrotermali che interessano l’area vulcanica. Le acque termali (54–60°C) alimentate da risalite di fluidi profondi mostrano il più alto contenuto di arsenico (176–371 μg/L). Le acque fredde campionate dall’acquifero vulcanico sono caratterizzate da un’ampia variabilità nella concentrazione di arsenico (1.6–195 μg/L) e circa il 62% dei campioni supera il limite di 10 μg/L. Dove l’acquifero vulcanico relativamente superficiale è interessato dalla risalita di fluidi termali profondi, sono state ritrovate concentrazioni di arsenico relativamente alte (20–100 μg/L). Ciò avviene preferenzialmente nelle aree prossime alle strutture vulcano-tettoniche più recenti.

Resumo

A ocorrência de arsénio nas águas subterrâneas nas proximidades dos vulcões Cimino-Vico (Itália central) foi analisada considerando a hidrostratigrafia e o enquadramento estrutural, e os escoamentos superficiais e profundos em interacção com as formações vulcânicas quaternárias. As águas subterrâneas são localmente a fonte de água potável. Conforme documentado no passado, o arsénio nas águas subterrâneas tornou-se um problema e recentemente o valor máximo admissível deste contaminante na União Europeia foi reduzido para 10 μg/L. Foram realizadas análises químicas das águas subterrâneas, amostradas numa área de cerca de 900 km2, a partir de 65 poços e nascentes representativas do aquífero vulcânico e de águas termais. Considerando-se o tipo de aquífero, a natureza da sua formação e do seu substrato, os dados hidroquímicos realçam que o teor de arsénio das águas subterrâneas está sobretudo relacionado com os processos hidrotermais na zona vulcânica. As águas termais (54–60°C) alimentadas a partir de fluidos profundos em ascensão mostram concentrações mais elevadas de arsénio (176–371 μg/L). As águas frias amostradas no aquífero vulcânico são caracterizadas por uma grande variabilidade na concentração de arsénio (1.6–195 μg/L) e cerca de 62% excedem o limite de 10 μg/L. Onde o aquífero vulcânico superficial é alimentado por fluidos termais profundos em ascensão, são encontradas concentrações de arsénio relativamente elevadas (20–100 μg/L). Isto ocorre perto das áreas das estruturas vulcano-tectónicas mais recentes.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Marco Albano, Francesca Lotti and Paolo Proietti for their assistance in the preparation of figures and in the sampling. The authors also express their gratitude to the managing and associate editors and two reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions for the enhancement of the manuscript.

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Angelone, M., Cremisini, C., Piscopo, V. et al. Influence of hydrostratigraphy and structural setting on the arsenic occurrence in groundwater of the Cimino-Vico volcanic area (central Italy). Hydrogeol J 17, 901–914 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0401-3

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