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Evaluation of an intrinsic and a specific vulnerability assessment method in comparison with groundwater salinisation and nitrate contamination levels in two agricultural regions in the south of Portugal

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Abstract

The applicability of two vulnerability assessment methods in evaluating the impact of agricultural activities on groundwater quality, is tested in two areas in the south of Portugal with modest results. Intensive citri- and horticulture require large amounts of fertiliser and water supplied by irrigation, which induces groundwater salinisation and contamination by nitrates. The degree of contamination varies highly within and between the study areas and is related to hydrogeological factors as well as intensity of agricultural practices. Vulnerability mapping is performed with the intrinsic DRASTIC method and the specific Susceptibility Index (SI), which is an adaptation of DRASTIC. These methods can constitute useful groundwater management tools, for instance when designating new Nitrate Vulnerable Zones as defined in the European Directive 91/676/EEC. However, in the case of DRASTIC, little correspondence exists between the most vulnerable and the most contaminated areas. This is mainly a result of underestimating the dilution capacity and overemphasising the attenuating potential of the unsaturated zone and aquifer, as both chloride and nitrate prove to be very stable contaminants. By including a parameter for land use, SI manages to produce more reliable results, although in many areas the vulnerability is overestimated.

Résumé

L’application de deux méthodes de calcul de la vulnérabilité permettant d’évaluer l’impact des activités agricoles sur la qualité des eaux souterraines, est testée dans deux zones du Sud du Portugal, avec des résultats modestes. La citriculture et l’horticulture intensives nécessitent de grandes quantités e fertilisants et d’eau souterraine pour l’irrigation, ce qui induit la salinisation et la contamination des eaux souterraines par les nitrates. Le degré de contamination varie grandement à l’intérieur et entre les zones d’études, en fonction des facteurs hydrogéologiques et de l’intensité des pratiques agricoles. La cartographie de la vulnérabilité est mise en oeuvre via la méthodologie DRASTIC et l’Index de Susceptibilité (SI) spécifique, qui est une adaptation de la méthode DRASTIC. Ces méthodes êuvent constituer des outils de management des eaux souterraines, par exemple lors de la désignation de nouvelles zones de vulnérabilité aux Nitrates selon la n Directive Européenne 91/676/EEC. Par ailleurs dans le cas de DRASTIC, de petites correspondances existent entre les zones les plus vulnérables et les plus contaminées. Ceci est principalement le résultat d’une sous-estimation de la capacité de dilution et de la sur-accentuation du potentiel d’atténuation de la zone non-saturée de l’aquifère, car et le chlore et les nitrates sont des contaminants très stables. En incluant un paramètre d’utilisation des sols, SI produit des résultats plus réalistes, bien que dans de nombreuses zones la vulnérabilité soit surestimée.

Resumen

Se evalúa la aplicabilidad de dos métodos de estimación de vulnerabilidad en evaluar el impacto de actividades agrícolas en la calidad del agua subterránea para dos áreas en el sur de Portugal obteniendo resultados modestos. La horticultura y citricultura intensiva requiere grandes cantidades de fertilizantes y agua abastecida por riego, lo cual induce salinización de agua subterránea y contaminación por nitratos. El grado de contaminación varía fuertemente dentro y entre las áreas de estudio y se relaciona con factores hidrogeológicos así como con la intensidad de las prácticas agrícolas. El mapeo de vulnerabilidad se lleva a cabo con el método intrínsico DRASTIC y el Índice de Susceptibilidad específica (SI), el cual es una adaptación de DRASTIC. Estos métodos pueden constituir herramientas de manejo de aguas subterráneas útiles, por ejemplo al designar nuevas Zonas Vulnerables por Nitratos del modo que se definen en la Directiva Europea 91/676/EEC. Sin embargo, en el caso de DRASTIC, existen poca correspondencia entre las zonas más vulnerables y las áreas más contaminadas. Esto se debe principalmente a la subestimación de la capacidad de dilución y a al sobre énfasis del potencial de atenuación de la zona no saturada y el acuífero, ya que tanto cloruro como nitrato han probado ser contaminantes muy estables. Al incluir un parámetro del uso de la tierra, SI genera resultados más confiables, aunque en muchas áreas se sobrestima la vulnerabilidad.

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Acknowledgements

The present study was carried out in the scope of the first author’s PhD study and he wishes to thank the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, for granting him a scholarship.

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Stigter, T.Y., Ribeiro, L. & Dill, A.M.M.C. Evaluation of an intrinsic and a specific vulnerability assessment method in comparison with groundwater salinisation and nitrate contamination levels in two agricultural regions in the south of Portugal. Hydrogeol J 14, 79–99 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0396-3

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