Abstract
Background
About 30% of all female ‘groin’ hernias are femoral hernias, although often only diagnosed during surgery. A Lichtenstein repair though, as preferred treatment modality according to guidelines, would not diagnose and treat femoral hernias. Totally extraperitoneal (TEP) hernia repair, however, offers the advantage of being an appropriate modality for the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of both inguinal and femoral hernias. TEP therefore seems an appealing surgical technique for women with groin hernias.
Methods
This study included all female patients ≥18 years operated for a groin hernia between 2005 and 2009.
Results
A total of 183 groin hernias were repaired in 164 women. TEP was performed in 85% of women; the other 24 women underwent an open anterior (mesh) repair. Peroperatively, femoral hernias were observed in 23% of patients with primary hernias and 35% of patients with recurrent hernias. There were 30 cases (18.3%) of an incorrect preoperative diagnosis. Peroperatively, femoral hernias were observed in 17.3% of women who were diagnosed with an inguinal hernia before surgery. In addition, inguinal hernias were found in 24.0% of women who were diagnosed with a femoral hernia preoperatively. After a follow-up of 25 months, moderate to severe (VAS 4-10) postoperative pain was reported by 8 of 125 patients (6.4%) after TEP and 5 of 23 patients (21.7%) after open hernia repair (P = 0.03). Five patients had a recurrent hernia, two following TEP (1.4%) and three following open anterior repair (12.5%, P = 0.02). Two of these three patients presented with a femoral recurrence after a previous repair of an inguinal hernia.
Conclusion
Femoral hernias are common in women with groin hernias, but not always detected preoperatively; this argues for the use of a preperitoneal approach. TEP hernia repair combines the advantage of a peroperative diagnosis and subsequent appropriate treatment with the known good clinical outcomes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Schumpelick V, Klinge U (2000) Epidemiologie. In: Schumpelick V (ed) Hernien. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stutgartt, pp 36–38
Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, Bouillot JL, Campanelli G, Conze J, de Lange D, Fortelny R, Heikkinen T, Kingsnorth A, Kukleta J, Morales-Conde S, Nordin P, Schumpelick V, Smedberg S, Smietanski M, Weber G, Miserez M (2009) European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia 13:343–403
Koch A, Edwards A, Hapaniemi S, Nordin P, Kald A (2005) Prospective evaluation of 6895 groin hernia repairs in women. Br J Surg 92:1553–1558
Bay-Nielsen M, Kehlet H (2006) Inguinal herniorrhaphy in women. Hernia 10:30–33
Weber A, Valencia S, Garteiz D, Burgues A (2001) Epidemiology of hernia in the female. In: Bendavid R, Abrahamson J, Arregui M, Flament J, Philips E (eds) Abdominal wall hernias. Springer, New York, pp 613–619
Nilsson E, Kald A (1997) Hernia surgery in a defined population: a prospective three year audit. Eur J Surg 163:823–829
Renzulli P, Frei E, Schäfer M, Werlen S, Wegmüller H, Krähenbühl L (1997) Preoperative Nyhus classification of inguinal hernias and type-related individual hernia repair. A case for diagnostic laparoscopy. Surg Lap Endosc 7:373–377
Glassow F (1972) Inguinal and Femoral hernia in women. Int Surg 57:34–36
Eklund A, Rudberg C, Smedberg S, Enander LK, Leijonmarck CE, Osterberg J, Montgomery A (2006) Short term results of a randomized clinical trial comparing Lichtenstein open repair with totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Br J Surg 93:1060–1068
Lau H, Patil NG, Yuen WK (2006) Day-case endoscopic totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty versus open Lichtenstein hernioplasty for unilateral primary inguinal hernia in males: a randomized trial. Surg Endosc 20:76–81
Langeveld HR, van‘t Riet M, Weidema WF, Stassen LPS, Steyerberg EW, Lange J, Bonjer HJ, Jeekel J (2010) Total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair compared with Lichtenstein (the LEVEL-Trial): a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surgery 251(5):819–824
Spitz JD, Arregui ME (2000) Sutureless laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal herniorrhaphy using reusable instruments: two hundred three repairs without recurrence. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 10:24–29
Koch CA, Greenlee SM, Larson DR et al (2006) Randomized prospective study of totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair: fixation versus no fixation of mesh. JSLS 10:457–460
Kark AE, Kurzer M (2008) Groin hernias in women. Hernia 12:267–270
Fränneby U, Gunnarsson U, Andersson M, Heuman R, Nordin P, Nyrén O, Sandblom G (2008) Validation of an inguinal pain questionnaire for assessment of chronic pain after groin hernia repair. Br J Surg 95(4):488–493
Loos MJ, Roumen RM, Scheltinga MR (2007) Classifying post-herniorrhaphy pain syndromes following elective inguinal hernia repair. World J Surg 31(9):1760–1765 16
Mikkelsen T, Bay-Nielsen M, Kehlet H (2002) Risk of femoral hernia after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Br J Surg 89:486–488
Crawford DL, Hiatt JR, Phillips EH (1998) Laparoscopy identifies unexpected groin hernias. Laparoscopic herniorrhaphy 64(10):976–978
Aasvang E, Kehlet H (2005) Chronic postoperative pain: the case of inguinal herniorrhaphy. Br J Anaesth 95:69–70
Dulucq JL, Wintringer P, Mahajna A (2006) Totally extraperitoneal (TEP) hernia repair after radical prostatectomy or previous lower abdominal surgery. Is it safe? A prospective study. Surg Endosc 20:473–476
Elshof JWM, Keus F, Burgmans JPJ, Clevers GJ, Davids PHP, van Dalen T (2009) Feasibility of right-sided total extraperitoneal procedure for inguinal hernia repair after appendectomy: a prospective cohort study. Surg Endosc 23:1754–1758
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Ms. J. E. Westendorp and Mrs. J. van der Laan, medical secretaries at our institution, for collecting and processing of the data. All authors hereby confirm that a Research Grant has been assigned to the Diakonnessenhuis Utrecht/Zeist, or more specifically to the Hernia Centre Zeist, by Johnson & Johnson. The Research Grant is intended to support all manuscripts regarding the results and complications of the totally extraperitoneal (TEP) endoscopic hernia repair.
Conflict of interest
This study itself is not directly subject of the Research Grant. Johnson & Johnson has and will have no access to data upon which the manuscript is based. A copy of the manuscript will only be provided at acceptance of the manuscript. Johnson & Johnson has no influence on (subject of) this study whatsoever. Objectivity of data is therefore guaranteed, and there is no conflict of interest. There are no (other) commercial associations that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schouten, N., Burgmans, J.P.J., van Dalen, T. et al. Female ‘groin’ hernia: totally extraperitoneal (TEP) endoscopic repair seems the most appropriate treatment modality. Hernia 16, 387–392 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10029-012-0904-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10029-012-0904-7