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Natural and Regenerated Saltmarshes Exhibit Similar Soil and Belowground Organic Carbon Stocks, Root Production and Soil Respiration

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Abstract

Saltmarshes provide many valuable ecosystem services including storage of a large amount of ‘blue carbon’ within their soils. To date, up to 50% of the world’s saltmarshes have been lost or severely degraded primarily due to a variety of anthropogenic pressures. Previous efforts have aimed to restore saltmarshes and their ecosystem functions, but the success of these efforts is rarely evaluated. To fill this gap, we used a range of metrics, including organic carbon stocks, root production, soil respiration and microbial communities to compare natural and a 20-year restoration effort in saltmarsh habitats within the Sydney Olympic Park in New South Wales, Australia. We addressed four main questions: (1) Have above- and belowground plant biomass recovered to natural levels? (2) Have organic carbon stocks of soils recovered? (3) Are microbial communities similar between natural and regenerated saltmarshes? and (4) Are microbial communities at both habitats associated to ecosystem characteristics? For both soil organic carbon stocks and belowground biomass, we found no significant differences between natural and regenerated habitats (F(1,14) = 0.47, p = 0.5; F(1,42) = 0.08, p = 0.76). Aboveground biomass was higher in the natural habitat compared to the regenerated habitat (F(1,20) = 27.3, p < 0.0001), which may result from a site-specific effect: protection from erosion offered by a fringing mangrove forest in the natural habitat but not the regenerated habitat. Our microbial community assessment indicated that restored and natural saltmarsh habitats were similar at a phylum level, with the exception of a higher proportion of Proteobacteria in the rhizosphere of saltmarshes from the regenerated habitat (p < 0.01). Abundance of both Desulfuromonas and Geobacter was associated with high carbon and nitrogen densities in soils indicating that these genera may be key for the recovery of ecosystem characteristics in saltmarshes. Our restored and natural saltmarsh soils store at 30 cm depth similar levels of organic carbon: 47.9 Mg OC ha−1 to 64.6 Mg OC ha−1. Conservation of urban saltmarshes could be important for ‘blue carbon’ programmes aimed at mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following people for technical support: Brodie Cutmore, Patricia Gadd, Daniela Fierro, Barbora Gallagher and Jennifer Van Holst from the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation; Sophie Baxter, Caitlan Baxter, Delphine Coste, Len Martin, Scott Mooney and Crystal Vargas from the University of New South Wales; Brownwen van Jaarsveld and Bryony Horton from the Office of Environment and Heritage, New South Wales; Daniel Piñero from the Instituto de Ecología at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and Edgar J Gonzalez from the Faculty of Science, UNAM. We also thank the editors and two anonymous reviewers as their revisions substantially improved this manuscript.

Funding

This project was funded by the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT, Mexico, Grants 263728 and 277411) and by two research portal grants from the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO, Australia, Grants 10006 and 11081). We acknowledge the financial support from the Australian Government for the Centre for Accelerator Science at ANSTO through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). This work was performed under a National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 scientific licence (SL101748).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cátedra CONACYT- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04500, Mexico City, Mexico

    Nadia S. Santini

  2. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Nadia S. Santini, Miriam Muñoz-Rojas, William Cornwell, Torsten Thomas, Paul Adam & Adriana Vergés

  3. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia

    Catherine E. Lovelock

  4. Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia

    Quan Hua, Atun Zawadzki & Debashish Mazumder

  5. Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia

    Tim R. Mercer, Simon A. Hardwick & Bindu Swapna Madala

  6. Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, Washington, 98121, USA

    Tim R. Mercer

  7. St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Tim R. Mercer

  8. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Australia

    Miriam Muñoz-Rojas

  9. Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, Kings Park, Perth, 6005, Australia

    Miriam Muñoz-Rojas

  10. Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Torsten Thomas, Ezequiel M. Marzinelli & Adriana Vergés

  11. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Ezequiel M. Marzinelli

  12. Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore

    Ezequiel M. Marzinelli

  13. Sydney Olympic Park Authority, Sydney, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, 2127, Australia

    Swapan Paul

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  1. Nadia S. Santini
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Correspondence to Nadia S. Santini.

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All authors conceived or designed the study and performed research. NSS, QH, SAH, AZ analysed data. NSS wrote the paper with assistance from all authors.

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Santini, N.S., Lovelock, C.E., Hua, Q. et al. Natural and Regenerated Saltmarshes Exhibit Similar Soil and Belowground Organic Carbon Stocks, Root Production and Soil Respiration. Ecosystems 22, 1803–1822 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00373-x

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