Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of starting materials on electrochemical performance of sol-gel-synthesized Li4Ti5O12 anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, the effect of the sol-gel starting materials with different particle sizes on the sol-gel-synthesized spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) was systematically investigated. The physical and electrochemical properties of the synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller-specific surface area analyses, galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was found that the initial particle size of sol-gel starting material played a crucial role on the properties of as-prepared LTOs. The LTO synthesized with the relatively finer particle size of starting materials possessed relatively smaller particle size and larger specific surface area and therefore resulted in the superior electrochemical properties. The initial discharge capacity of the as-prepared LTO exhibited 168.2, 150.6, and 142.7 mAh g−1 at current densities of 1, 5, and 10 C, respectively, and up to 95, 95, and 90 % of the corresponding initial discharge capacity was retained after 50 cycles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tarascon JM, Armand M (2001) Nature 414:359–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Horiba T, Hironaka K, Matsumura T, Kai T, Koseki M, Muranaka Y (2003) J Power Sources 119-121:893–896

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Stuart TA, Zhu W (2011) J Power Sources 196:458–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Yi TF, Xie Y, Zhu YR, Zhu RS, Shen H (2013) J Power Sources 222:448–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Persson K, Sethuraman VA, Hardwick LJ, Hinuma Y, Meng YS, Ven AVD, Srinivasan V, Kostecki R, Ceder G (2010) J Phys Chem Lett 1:1176–1180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kaskhedikar NA, Maier J (2009) Adv Mater 21:2664–2680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Whittingham MS (2004) Chem Rev 104:4271–4301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Flandrois S, Simon B (1999) Carbon 37:165–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Balakrishnan PG, Ramesh R, Kumar TP (2006) J Power Sources 155:401–414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ohuzuku T, Kitano S, Iwanaga M, Matsuno H, Ueda A (1997) J Power Sources 68:646–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Li X, Wang C (2013) J Mater Chem A 1:165–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Martha SK, Haik O, Borgel V, Zinigrad E, Exnar I, Drezen T, Miners JH, Aurbach D (2011) J Electrochem Soc 158:A790–A797

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen CH, Vaughey JT, Jansen AN, Dees DW, Kahaian AJ, Goacher T, Thackeray MM (2001) J Electrochem Soc 148:A102–A104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Yi TF, Jiang LJ, Shu J, Yue CB, Zhu RS, Qiao HB (2010) J Phys Chem Solids 71:1236–1242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Huang S, Wen Z, Zhu X, Gu Z (2004) Electrochem Commun 6:1093–1097

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ji S, Zhang J, Wang W, Huang Y, Feng Z, Zhang Z, Tang Z (2010) Mater Chem Phys 123:510–515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhao H, Li Y, Zhu Z, Lin J, Tian Z, Wang R (2008) Electrochim Acta 53:7079–7083

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Yi TF, Xie Y, Jiang LJ, Shu J, Yue CB, Zhou AN, Ye MF (2012) RSC Adv 2:3541–3547

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang Z, Chen G, Xu J, Lv Z, Yang W (2011) J Phys Chem Solids 72:773–778

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hsieh CT, Chang BS, Lin JY, Juang RS (2012) J Alloys Compd 513:393–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhou T, Lin Y, Zhao G, Huang Y, Lai H, Li J, Huang Z, Wu S (2013) J Electrochem Sci 8:1316–1327

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang L, Zhang Z, Liang G, Ou X, Xu Y (2012) Powder Technol 215-216:79–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jung HG, Kim J, Scrosati B, Sun YK (2011) J Power Sources 196:7763–7766

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Yan H, Zhu Z, Zhang D, Li W, Qilu (2012) J Power Sources 219:45–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Jiang C, Ichihara M, Honma I, Zhou H (2008) J Electrochem Soc 155:A553–A556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Raja MW, Mahanty S, Kundu M, Basu RN (2009) J Alloys Compd 468:258–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang N, Liu Z, Yang T, Liao C, Wang Z, Sun K (2011) Electrochem Commun 13:654–656

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang GJ, Gao J, Fu LJ, Zhao NH, Wu YP (2007) J Power Sources 174:1109–1112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang G, Xu J, Wen M, Cai R, Ran R, Shao Z (2008) Solid State Ionics 179:946–950

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Liu W, Zhang J, Wang Q, Xie X, Lou Y, Han X, Xia B (2013) Powder Technol 247:204–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hong CH, Noviyanto A, Ryu JH, Kim J, Yoon DH (2012) Ceram Int 38:301–310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lu J, Nan C, Peng Q, Li Y (2012) J Power Sources 202:246–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Shen L, Yuan C, Luo H, Zhang X, Xu K, Xia Y (2010) J Mater Chem 20:6998–7004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hao YJ, Lai QY, Lu JH, Wang HL, Chen YD, Ji XY (2006) J Power Sources 158:1358–1364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wang J, Liu X, Yang H (2012) Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 22:613–620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang D, He D, Xia Y (2013) J Power Sources 236:118–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lin JY, Hsu CC, Ho HP, Wu SH (2013) Electrochim Acta 87:126–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bach S, Pereira-Ramos JP, Baffier N (1999) J Power Sources 81-82:273–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mazdiyasni KS (1982) Ceram Int 8:42–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hao YJ, Lai QY, Lu JZ, Wang HL, Chen YD, Ji XY (2006) J Power Sources 158:1358–1364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wang D, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yan P, Zhang C, He D (2014) Ceram Int 40:3799–3804

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bard A.J, Faulkner L.R (2001) Wiley New York

  43. Venkateswarlu M, Chen CH, Do JS, Lin CW, Chou TC, Hwang BJ (2005) J Power Sources 146:204–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Xiang H, Tian B, Lian P, Li Z, Wang H (2011) J Alloys Compd 509:7205–7209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mahmoud A, Amarilla JM, Saadoune I (2015) Electrochim Acta 163:213–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Khomane RB, Prakash AS, Ramesha K, Sathiya M (2011) Mater Res Bull 46:1139–1142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hao YJ, Li WY, Liu DQ, Xu ZU, Ji XY (2005) Mater Chem Phys 94:382–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Yan G, Fang H, Zhao H, Li G, Yang Y, Li L (2009) J Alloys Compd 470:555–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan (99-2632-E-036-001-MY3 and 102-2632-E-036-001-MY3) and Tatung University (B101-C09-025). The authors are also grateful to Prof. She-huang Wu in Tatung University for his helpful discussion and partial supports in materials and instruments. Ms. Su-Jen Ji of Ministry of Science and Technology for the assistance in FESEM experiments is also appreciated by the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Tatung University, No. 40, Sec. 3, ChungShan North Rd., Taipei City, 104, Taiwan

    Yi-Chen Kuo, Hao -Ting Peng, Yaoming Xiao & Jeng-Yu Lin

  2. Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People Republic of China

    Yaoming Xiao

Authors
  1. Yi-Chen Kuo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hao -Ting Peng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yaoming Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jeng-Yu Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yaoming Xiao or Jeng-Yu Lin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kuo, YC., Peng, H.T., Xiao, Y. et al. Effect of starting materials on electrochemical performance of sol-gel-synthesized Li4Ti5O12 anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 20, 1625–1631 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-016-3164-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-016-3164-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation