Abstract
Properties of electropolymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films were studied from the point of view of direct use as ion-sensing membranes in potentiometric or amperometric sensors. Stable and reproducible potentiometric characteristics were obtained for PEDOT doped by poly(4-styrenesulfonate) ions, PEDOT(PSS) (cationic characteristics), and PEDOT doped by hexacyanoferrate(II) anions, PEDOT(HCF) (anionic characteristics). As shown by voltammetric and EDAX results, the anion exchange properties of the latter polymer result from gradual replacement of HCF ions by Cl− anions from solution. The zero-current potentiometric detection limit of PEDOT(PSS), equal to 3×10−6 M, can be shifted to 7×10−7 M by polarization using a cathodic current density of 3×10−7 A cm−2. PEDOT films doped by Cl− or PSS− ions can be used as membranes for sensing anions or cations, respectively, under pulse amperometric conditions, within the range from 10−4 to 1 M, comparable with that accessible by zero-current potentiometry. Dissolved oxygen (redox interferent of low charge transfer rate) exerts a minor influence on the slope of the potentiometric and amperometric characteristics of PEDOT films. Although the presence of redox reactants characterized by a high rate of charge transfer [Fe(CN)6 3−/4−] results in the disappearance of the potential dependence on KCl concentration, this disadvantageous effect is much less significant under pulse amperometric conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Oyama N, Hirokawa T, Yamaguchi S, Ushizawa N, Shimomura T (1987) Anal Chem 59:258
Cadogan A, Gao Z, Lewenstam A, Ivaska A, Diamond D (1992) Anal Chem 64:2496
Michalska A, Hulanicki A, Lewenstam A (1994) Analyst 119:2417
Bobacka J, Lindfors T, McCarrick M, Ivaska A, Lewenstam A (1995) Anal Chem 67:3819
Bobacka J (1999) Anal Chem 71:4932
Dong S, Sun Z, Lu Z (1988) J Chem Soc Chem Commun 993
Lu Z, Sun Z, Dong S (1989) Electroanalysis 1:271
Josowicz M (1995) Analyst 120:1019
Bobacka J, Gao Z, Ivaska A, Lewenstam A (1994) J Electroanal Chem 368:33
Tamm J, Alumaa A, Hallik A, Sammelselg V (1998) J Electroanal Chem 448:25
Ikariyama Y, Heineman WR (1986) Anal Chem 58:1803
Ikariyama Y, Galliatstoas C, Heineman WR, Yamauchi S (1987) Sens Actuators 12:455
Ye J, Baldwin RP (1988) Anal Chem 60:1979
Sadik OA, Wallace GG (1993) Electroanalysis 5:555
Sadik OA, Wallace GG (1994) Electroanalysis 6:860
Barisci JM, Wallace GG, Clarke A (1997) Electroanalysis 9:461
Dong S, Sun Z, Lu Z (1988) Analyst 113:1525
Michalska A, Lewenstam A (2000) Anal Chim Acta 406:159
Hulanicki A, Michalska A, Lewenstam A (1994) Electroanalysis 6:604
Hulanicki A, Michalska A, Lewenstam A (1994) Talanta 41:323
Michalska A, Maksymiuk K, Hulanicki A (1995) J Electroanal Chem 392:63
Michalska A, Walkiewicz S, Maksymiuk K (2003) Electroanalysis 15:509
Tsakova V, Winkels S, Schultze JW (2000) Electrochim Acta 46:759
Sakmeche N, Aeiyach S, Aaron J-J, Jouini M, Lacroix JC, Lacaze P-C (1999) Langmuir 15:2566
Mulfort KL, Ryu J, Zhou Q (2003) Polymer 44:3185
Du X, Wang Z (2003) Electrochim Acta 48:1713
Xing KZ, Fahlman M, Chen XW, Inganäs O, Salaneck WR (1997) Synth Met 89:161
Łapkowski M, Proń A (2000) Synth Met 110:79
Garreau S, Duvail JL, Louran G (2002) Synth Met 125:325
Bobacka J, Lewenstam A, Ivaska A (2000) J Electroanal Chem 489:17
Lisowska-Oleksiak A, Kazubowska K, Kupniewska A (2001) J Electroanal Chem 501:54
Randriamahazaka H, Noël V, Chevrot C (2002) J Electroanal Chem 521:107
Vazquez M, Bobacka J, Ivaska A, Lewenstam A (2002) Sens Actuators B 82:7
Cui X, Martin DC (2003) Sens Actuators B 89:92
Bobacka J, Lahtinen T, Nordman J, Häggström A, Rissanen K, Lewenstam A, Ivaska A (2001) Electroanalysis 13:723
Bobacka J, Lahtinen T, Koskinen H, Rissanen K, Lewenstam A, Ivaska A (2002) Electroanalysis 14:1353
Meier PC (1982) Anal Chim Acta 136:363
Momma T, Komaba S, Yamamoto M, Osaka T, Yamauchi S (1995) Sens Actuators B 24–25:724
Wojda A, Maksymiuk K (1998) J Electroanal Chem 441:205
Michalska A, Ivaska A, Lewenstam A (1997) Anal Chem 69:4060
Michalska A, Nadrzycka U, Maksymiuk K (2001) Electrochim Acta 46:4113
Pfluger P, Kronubi M, Street GB, Weiser G (1983) J Chem Phys 78:3212
Dumańska J, Maksymiuk K (2001) Electroanalysis 13:567
Krivan E, Visy C, Kankare J (2003) J Phys Chem B 107:1302
Ogonowska M (2002) MSc Thesis, Warsaw University
Lindner E, Gyurcsanyi R, Buck RP (1999) Electroanalysis 11:673
Pergel E, Gyurcsanyi R, Toth K, Lindner E (2001) Anal Chem 73:4249
Morf WE, Badertscher M, Zwickl T, de Rooij NF, Pretsch E (2002) J Electroanal Chem 526:19
Michalska A, Dumańska J, Maksymiuk K (2003) Anal Chem 75:4964
Paulse CD, Pickup PG (1988) J Phys Chem 92:7002
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Bayer for providing them with the EDOT monomer. Financial support by grant 7 T09A 01720 from KBN (Poland) is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Dedicated to the memory of Harry B. Mark, Jr. (February 28, 1934–March 3rd, 2003)
Contribution to the 3rd Baltic Conference on Electrochemistry, GDAŃSK-SOBIESZEWO, 23–26 April 2003.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Michalska, A., Gałuszkiewicz, A., Ogonowska, M. et al. PEDOT films: multifunctional membranes for electrochemical ion sensing. J Solid State Electrochem 8, 381–389 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-003-0459-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-003-0459-8