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Chronisches kutanes Infiltrat mit Abszedierung und Fistelbildung

Eine Verlaufsform der atypischen Mykobakteriose

Chronic cutaneous infiltration with abscess and fistula formation

A type of clinical course in atypical mycobacteriosis

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Kutane Primärmanifestationen atypischer Mykobakteriosen sind insgesamt selten. Die geringe Dynamik des Krankheitsbilds und die sehr unspezifischen Symptome (chronische Infiltrate) erschweren die klinische Diagnosefindung erheblich.

Fallbericht

Ein 3-jähriges Mädchen wurde aufgrund eines seit mehreren Wochen progredienten, flächigen Hautinfiltrats über der rechten Submandibularregion mit einer subkutanen Abszedierung zugewiesen. Das Milchgebiss war kariesfrei ohne Hinweis auf eine dentogene Ursache der Infektion. Der subkutane Abszess wurde inzidiert und kürettiert, wobei mikrobiologisch atypische Mykobakterien nachgewiesen wurden. Die Läsion bildete sich trotz dieser chirurgischen Maßnahmen und einer spezifischen antibiotischen Therapie nur temporär zurück. Nach 9 Monaten wurde das Kind erneut, jetzt unter dem klinischen Bild eines Skrofuloderms vorgestellt, sodass sekundär durch Exzision des verbliebenen Hautinfiltrats und Exstirpation eines beteiligten Lymphknotens operativ saniert werden musste. Danach blieb die Patientin ohne weitere adjuvante Maßnahmen rezidivfrei.

Schlussfolgerung

Der vorgestellte Fall demonstriert die Problematik der Verfahrensweise bei diesem seltenen Krankheitsbild. Bemerkenswert erscheint der pathogenetische Zusammenhang mit einer Neurodermitis, die über Kratzartefakte der Haut zu kutanen Eintrittspforten einer Infektion disponiert und hier der wahrscheinliche Infektionsweg ist. Obwohl es sich um eine atypische Mykobakteriose handelte, imitierten sowohl der histologische Befund als auch der späte klinische Verlauf die typische Morphologie einer Hauttuberkulose. Darüber hinaus zeigt die hartnäckige Persistenz unter zunächst zurückhaltender chirurgischer und antibiotischer Therapie die Schwierigkeiten einer schonenden, gering invasiven Vorgehensweise.

Abstract

Background

Cutaneous lesions of atypical mycobacteriosis are very rare in Western Europe. Both the slow disease progression and the rather unspecific clinical appearance of the chronic infiltration render cutaneous mycobacteriosis a diagnostic challenge. In this communication, we present an uncommon, biphasic course of a cutaneous atypical mycobacteriosis.

Case report

A 3-year-old child was referred to our institution due to submandibular cutaneous infiltration together with subcutaneous abscess formation. There was no carious lesion or other odontogenic potential source of infection. First-line therapy was incision of the abscess and local curettage to obtain a specimen for histologic and microbiologic evaluation, which revealed atypical mycobacteria. In spite of local curettage, only partial remission of the cutaneous infiltration was achieved. When the child was readmitted 9 months later, the lesion had progressed to a scrofulosis-like appearance even though specific antibiotic treatment had been administered. Complete surgical excision of the affected skin and extirpation of the respective lymph node and fistula was performed as second-line therapy. Complete remission was achieved without further adjuvant treatment.

Discussion

Our case demonstrates the problems that may arise with this rare type of mycobacterial infection. In all probability, scratch artifacts due to atopic dermatitis provided the source/entry of the infection in this specific case. Both histopathologic findings and clinical appearance were suggestive of classic cutaneous tuberculosis (tuberculosis cutis colliquativa), although it was in fact an atypical mycobacteriosis. Furthermore, obstinate persistence after minor surgical intervention and even after specific (triple) antibiotic treatment illustrates the difficulties of limited, minimally invasive treatment.

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Correspondence to M. Kunkel.

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Moergel, M., Walter, C., Coerdt, W. et al. Chronisches kutanes Infiltrat mit Abszedierung und Fistelbildung. Mund Kiefer GesichtsChir 8, 311–315 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-004-0562-8

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