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Microstructure and chemical analysis of four calcium silicate-based cements in different environmental conditions

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Abstract

Objective

The objective of this study was to analyze the microstructure and crystalline structures of ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, CEM Cement, and Retro MTA when exposed to phosphate-buffered saline, butyric acid, and blood.

Methods and materials

Mixed samples of ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, CEM Cement, and Retro MTA were exposed to either phosphate-buffered saline, butyric acid, or blood. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDX) evaluations were conducted of specimens. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was also performed for both hydrated and powder forms of evaluated calcium silicate cements.

Results

The peak of tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate detected in all hydrated cements was smaller than that seen in their unhydrated powders. The peak of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in blood- and acid-exposed ProRoot MTA, CEM Cement, and Retro MTA specimens were smaller than that of specimens exposed to PBS. The peak of Ca(OH)2 seen in Biodentine™ specimens exposed to blood was similar to that of PBS-exposed specimens. On the other hand, those exposed to acid exhibited smaller peaks of Ca(OH)2.

Conclusion

Exposure to blood or acidic pH decreased Ca(OH)2 crystalline formation in ProRoot MTA, CEM Cement and Retro MTA. However, a decrease in Ca(OH)2 was only seen when Biodentine™ exposed to acid.

Clinical relevance

The formation of Ca(OH)2 which influences the biological properties of calcium silicate cements was impaired by blood and acid exposures in ProRoot MTA, CEM Cement, and Retro MTA; however, in the case of Biodentine, only exposure to acid had this detrimental effect.

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Funding

The work was supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (grant no. 27183).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    K. Ashofteh Yazdi, Sh. Ghabraei, B. Bolhari, N. Meraji & M. H. Nekoofar

  2. Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    M. Kafili

  3. School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

    M. H. Nekoofar & P. M. H. Dummer

Authors
  1. K. Ashofteh Yazdi
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  2. Sh. Ghabraei
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  3. B. Bolhari
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  4. M. Kafili
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  5. N. Meraji
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  6. M. H. Nekoofar
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  7. P. M. H. Dummer
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Correspondence to N. Meraji or M. H. Nekoofar.

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Ashofteh Yazdi, K., Ghabraei, S., Bolhari, B. et al. Microstructure and chemical analysis of four calcium silicate-based cements in different environmental conditions. Clin Oral Invest 23, 43–52 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2394-1

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