Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of human tooth shade selection using a digital spectrophotometer. Variability among examiners and illumination conditions were tested for possible influence on measurement reproducibility. Fifteen intact anterior teeth of 15 subjects were evaluated for their shade using a digital spectrophotometer (Crystaleye®, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) by two examiners under the same light conditions representing a dental laboratory situation. Each examiner performed the measurement ten times on the labial surface of each tooth containing three evaluation sides (cervical, body, incisal). Commission International on Illumination color space values for L* (lightness), a* (red/green), and b* (yellow/blue) were obtained from each evaluated side. Examiner 2 repeated the measurements of the same subjects under different light conditions (i.e., a dental unit with a chairside lamp). To describe measurement precision, the mean color difference from the mean metric was used. The computed confidence interval (CI) value 5.228 (4.6598–5.8615) reflected (represented) the validity of the measurements. Least square mean analysis of the values obtained by examiners 1 and 2 or under different illumination conditions revealed no statistically significant differences (CI = 95%). Within the limits of the present study, the accuracy and reproducibility of dental shade selection using the tested spectrophotometer with respect to examiner and illumination conditions reflected the reliability of this device. This study suggests that the tested spectrophotometer can be recommended for the clinical application of shade selection.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Culpepper WD, Moulton PS (1979) Considerations in fixed prosthodontics. Dent Clin North Am 23:21–35
Horn D, Bulan-Brady J, Hicks M (1998) Sphere spectrophotometer versus human evaluation of tooth shade. J Endod 24:786–790
Stevenson B (2009) Current methods of shade matching in dentistry: a review of the supporting literature. Dent Update 36(270–272):274–276
Johnston WM (2009) Color measurement in dentistry. J Dent 37:2–6
Dagg H, O’Connell B, Claffey N, Byrne D, Gorman C (2004) The influence of some different factors on the accuracy of shade selection. J Oral Rehabil 31:900–904
Li Q, Wang YN (2007) Comparison of shade matching by visual observation and an intraoral dental colorimeter. J Oral Rehabil 34:848–854
Hassel AJ, Koke U, Schmitter M, Beck J, Rammelsberg P (2005) Clinical effect of different shade guide systems on the tooth shades of ceramic-veneered restorations. Int J Prosthodont 18:422–426
Oh W, Koh I, O’Brien WJ (2009) Estimation of visual shade matching errors with 2 shade guides. Quintessence Int 40:833–836
Paravina R (2002) Evaluation of a newly developed visual shade-matching apparatus. Int J Prosthodont 15:528–534
Jarad FD, Russell MD, Moss BW (2005) The use of digital imaging for colour matching and communication in restorative dentistry. Br Dent J 199:43–49
Imai FH (2009) Reviewing state-of-art imaging modalities and its potential for biomedical applications. J Dent 37(Suppl 1):e7–e14
Chu SJ, Trushkowsky RD, Paravina RD (2010) Dental color matching instruments and systems. Review of clinical and research aspects. J Dent 38(Suppl 2):e2–e16
Cal E, Guneri P, Kose T (2006) Comparison of digital and spectrophotometric measurements of colour shade guides. J Oral Rehabil 33:221–228
Schropp L (2009) Shade matching assisted by digital photography and computer software. J Prosthodont 18:235–241
Ishikawa-Nagai S, Ishibashi K, Tsuruta O, Weber HP (2005) Reproducibility of tooth color gradation using a computer color-matching technique applied to ceramic restorations. J Prosthet Dent 93:129–137
CIE colorimetry (1985) Official recommendations of the International Commission on Illumination, 2nd edn. Bureau Central de la CIE, Paris
Joiner A, Hopkinson I, Deng Y, Westland S (2008) A review of tooth colour and whiteness. J Dent 36(Suppl 1):e2–e7
Klemetti E, Matela AM, Haag P, Kononen M (2006) Shade selection performed by novice dental professionals and colorimeter. J Oral Rehabil 33:31–35
Wang XH, Chen LM, Gao P (2009) Comparison of clinical effect between spectrophotometric and conventional visual shade. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue 18:255–258
Raigrodski AJ, Chiche GJ, Aoshima H, Spieckermann CF (2006) Efficacy of a computerized shade selection system in matching the shade of anterior metal-ceramic crowns—a pilot study. Quintessence Int 37:793–802
Paul SJ, Peter A, Rodoni L, Pietrobon N (2004) Conventional visual vs spectrophotometric shade taking for porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns: a clinical comparison. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 24:222–231
Paul S, Peter A, Pietrobon N, Hammerle CH (2002) Visual and spectrophotometric shade analysis of human teeth. J Dent Res 81:578–582
Schmitter M, Mussotter K, Hassel AJ (2008) Interexaminer reliability in the clinical measurement of L*C*h* values using a laminar spectrophotometer. Int J Prosthodont 21:422–424
Da Silva JD, Park SE, Weber HP, Ishikawa-Nagai S (2008) Clinical performance of a newly developed spectrophotometric system on tooth color reproduction. J Prosthet Dent 99:361–368
Gehrke P, Riekeberg U, Fackler O, Dhom G (2009) Comparison of in vivo visual, spectrophotometric and colorimetric shade determination of teeth and implant-supported crowns. Int J Comput Dent 12:247–263
Browning WD, Chan DC, Blalock JS, Brackett MG (2009) A comparison of human raters and an intra-oral spectrophotometer. Oper Dent 34:337–343
Hugo B, Witzel T, Klaiber B (2005) Comparison of in vivo visual and computer-aided tooth shade determination. Clin Oral Investig 9:244–250
Tung F, Goldstein G, Jang S, Hittelman E (2002) The repeatability of an intraoral dental colorimeter. J Prosthet Dent 88:585–590
Derdilopoulou FV, Zantner C, Neumann K, Kielbassa AM (2007) Evaluation of visual and spectrophotometric shade analyses: a clinical comparison of 3,758 teeth. Int J Prosthodont 20:414–416
Dozic A, Kleverlaan CJ, El-Zohairy A, Feilzer AJ, Khashayar G (2007) Performance of five commercially available tooth color-measuring devices. J Prosthodont 16:93–100
Kim-Pusateri S, Brewer JD, Davis EL, Wee AG (2009) Reliability and accuracy of four dental shade-matching devices. J Prosthet Dent 101:193–199
Lehmann KM, Igiel C, Schmidtmann I, Scheller H (2010) Four color-measuring devices compared with a spectrophotometric reference system. J Dent 38(Suppl 2):x65–x70
Seghi RR, Johnston WM, O’Brien WJ (1989) Performance assessment of colorimetric devices on dental porcelains. J Dent Res 68:1755–1759
Berns R (2000) Chapter 3. Measuring color. Precision and accuracy measurements. In: Berns R (ed) Billmeyer’s and Saltzman’s principles of color technology. Wiley, New York, pp 97–105
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Witkowski, S., Yajima, ND., Wolkewitz, M. et al. Reliability of shade selection using an intraoral spectrophotometer. Clin Oral Invest 16, 945–949 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-011-0590-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-011-0590-3