Abstract
One of the many hypotheses on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease is that the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) binds CuII and can catalytically generate H2O2, leading to oxidative damage in brain tissues. For a molecular level understanding of such catalysis it is critical to know the structure of the Aβ–CuII complex precisely. Unfortunately, no high-resolution structure is available to date and there is considerable debate over the copper coordination environment with no clear consensus on which residues are directly bound to CuII. Considering all plausible isomers of the copper-bound Aβ42 and Aβ40 using a combination of density functional theory and classical molecular dynamics methods, we report an atomic resolution structure for each possible complex. We evaluated the relative energies of these isomeric structures and surprisingly found that Aβ42 and Aβ40 display very different binding modes, suggesting that shorter peptides that are truncated at the C-terminus may not be realistic models for understanding the chemistry of the most neurotoxic peptide, Aβ42.
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Abbreviations
- Aβ:
-
Amyloid-β peptide
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- DFT:
-
Density functional theory
- EPR:
-
Electron paramagnetic resonance
- MD:
-
Molecular dynamics
- MM:
-
Molecular mechanics
- QM:
-
Quantum mechanical
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Acknowledgments
We thank NSF (0116050 and CHE-0645381) for financial support. We also thank the Research Corporation for a Cottrell Award (M.-H.B.), the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship (M.-H.B) and Iris Klinkenberg for a Klinkenberg Award (Y.M.).
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775_2008_403_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Supplementary material. Sample correlation plot between the QM versus MM IR frequencies (cm−1) for the 3His–Asp complex (Fig. S1), computed energy components for the optimized structures of all copper complexes (Table S1), computed energy components for the optimized structures of the free ligands, CuII and H+ (Table S2), computed free energies for the deprotonation of serine and tyrosine (Table S3), topology tables for Cu-Aβ42 models (Table S4), Cartesian coordinates of QM models (Table S5), PDB coordinates of most populated conformers of Cu-Aβ42 complexes from 1ms MD simulations (Table S6), PDB coordinates of most populated conformers of Cu-Aβ40 complexes from 1-ms MD simulations (Table S7). (PDF 1092 kb)
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Mantri, Y., Fioroni, M. & Baik, MH. Computational study of the binding of CuII to Alzheimer’s amyloid-β peptide: Do Aβ42 and Aβ40 bind copper in identical fashion?. J Biol Inorg Chem 13, 1197–1204 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-008-0403-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-008-0403-6