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Sekundärprävention bei Patienten mit peripherer arterieller Verschlusskrankheit

Secondary prevention in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease

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Zusammenfassung

Die Arteriosklerose manifestiert sich systemisch u. a. als periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit (PAVK). Bei einem PAVK-Patienten liegt daher sehr wahrscheinlich auch eine Arteriosklerose der Herzkranzgefäße, der Karotiden, der Aorta und der Nierenarterien vor. Für die Prognose des Patienten sind diese Manifestationen der Arteriosklerose entscheidend, denn PAVK-Patienten tragen hohe Risiken – einerseits dafür, an ihrer kardiovaskulären Komorbidität zu versterben, und zum anderen für eine notwendige Amputation der betroffenen Extremität. Als traditionelle oder konventionelle Risikofaktoren gelten Rauchen, Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidämie und Hypertonie. Ein evidenzbasiertes Konzept zur Sekundärprophylaxe nach peripheren Interventionen bzw. Operationen existiert nicht. Neben der optimalen Einstellung der Risikofaktoren muss für jeden einzelnen Patienten das Risiko-Nutzen-Verhältnis der Antiaggregation und Antikoagulation abgewogen werden. Initial ist nach Katheterinterventionen eine kurzfristige duale Antiaggregation vertretbar und wird weltweit nahezu regelhaft angewandt, obwohl eine Evidenz für diese Maßnahme fehlt. Bei Patienten, die langfristig einer oralen Antikoagulation mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten (VKA) bedürfen, ist eine dauerhafte kombinierte Gabe von VKA und Antiaggreganzien wegen des erhöhten Blutungsrisikos kritisch zu sehen. Hier ist im Einzelfall zugunsten der VKA auf die positiven Effekte der Antiaggregation zu verzichten. Die einzige Substanz, die zusätzlich zur Antiaggregation im peripheren Gefäßgebiet einen positiven Effekt auf die Offenheitsrate hat, ist Cilostazol.

Abstract

Arteriosclerosis is manifested systemically, among other things as peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). Patients with PAOD most probably also have arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries, the carotid arteries, the aorta and the renal arteries. These manifestations of arteriosclerosis are decisive for the prognosis of patients because PAOD patients are at high risk to die of cardiovascular comorbidities and amputation of the effected extremity. Traditional or conventional risk factors are smoking, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hypertonia. An evidence-based concept for secondary prophylaxis following peripheral interventions or operations does not exist. In addition to an optimal reduction of risk factors, the risk-benefit balance of anti-aggregation and anticoagulation must be weighed up for each individual patient. A short-term dual anti-aggregation is justified initially after catheter interventions and is used virtually regularly worldwide although there is no evidence for this measure. For patients who need long-term oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) a permanent administration of combined VKA and anti-aggregation agents should be viewed critically due to the increased risk of hemorrhaging. In individual cases the positive effects of anti-aggregation should be waived in favor of VKAs. The only substance which has a positive effect on the patency rate in addition to anti-aggregation in peripheral vascular areas is cilostazol.

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Kröger, K., Böhner, H., Aleksic, M. et al. Sekundärprävention bei Patienten mit peripherer arterieller Verschlusskrankheit. Gefässchirurgie 16, 211–220 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-011-0904-4

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