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The tetrad effect and geochemistry of apatite from the Altay Koktokay No. 3 pegmatite, Xinjiang, China: implications for pegmatite petrogenesis

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Abstract

In order to better constrain the evolution and petrogenesis of pegmatite, geochemical analysis was conducted on a suite of apatite crystals from the Altay Koktokay No. 3 pegmatite, Xinjiang, China and from the granitic and amphibolitic wall rocks. Apatite samples derived from pegmatite zones show convex tetrad effects in their REE patterns, extremely negative Eu anomalies and non-chondritic Y/Ho ratios. In contrast, chondritic Y/Ho ratios and convex tetrad effects are observed in the muscovite granite suggesting that different processes caused non-chondritic Y/Ho ratios and lanthanide tetrad effects. Based on the occurrence of convex tetrad effects in the host rocks and their associated minerals, we propose that the tetrad effects are likely produced from immiscible fluoride and silicate melts. This is in contrast to previous explanations of the tetrad effect; i.e. surface weathering, fractional crystallization and/or fluid-rock interaction. Additionally, we put forward that extreme negative Eu and non-chondritic Y/Ho in apatite are likely caused by the large amount of hydrothermal fluid exsolved from the pegmatite melts. Evolution of melt composition was found to be the primary cause of inter and intra-crystal major and trace element variations in apatite. Mn entering into apatite via substitution of Ca is supported by the positive correlation between CaO and MnO. Different evolution trends in apatite composition imply different crystallization environments between wall rocks and pegmatite zones. Based on the geochemistry of apatite samples, it is likely that there is a genetic relationship between the source of muscovite granite and the source of the pegmatite.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are greatly indebted to Dr. Qian Mao and Mr. Yu-Guang Ma for their assistance with EPM analyses and Yong-Sheng Liu for assistance with LA-ICP-MS analyses at the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan). The manuscript was improved by the thoughtful comments of Wang Xuan-Ce, Lynette Howearth and Laurie Burn Nunes. In particular, we express our gratitude to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and excellent suggestions that helped to improve the manuscript. This research was financially supported by Key project of the National Science and Technology Support Program (Grant number 2011BAB06B03-04), Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant number KZCX2-YW-Q04-08) and Ministry of Land and Resources Comprehensive Research for Typical Mineral Deposits (Grant number 20089932).

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  1. Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing, 100029, China

    Ming-Jian Cao, Qi-Feng Zhou, Ke-Zhang Qin & Dong-Mei Tang

  2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Ming-Jian Cao & Qi-Feng Zhou

  3. CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, 26 Dick Perry Ave., Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia

    Noreen J. Evans

  4. John de Laeter Center for Isotope Research, Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6945, Australia

    Noreen J. Evans

  5. Department of Earth & Oceanic Sciences, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand

    Noreen J. Evans

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Cao, MJ., Zhou, QF., Qin, KZ. et al. The tetrad effect and geochemistry of apatite from the Altay Koktokay No. 3 pegmatite, Xinjiang, China: implications for pegmatite petrogenesis. Miner Petrol 107, 985–1005 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-013-0270-x

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