Abstract
In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Mononegavirales was amended by the addition of four new subfamilies and 12 new genera and the creation of 28 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
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Introduction
The virus order Mononegavirales was established in 1991 to accommodate related viruses with nonsegmented, linear, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes classified into three families [20]. According to the previous ratification vote held in October 2018, the order included eight families [10]. Amended/emended order descriptions were published in 1995 [5], 1997 [21], 2000 [22], 2005 [23], 2011 [8], 2016 [1], 2017 [3], March 2018 [4], and October 2018 [15]. Here we present the changes proposed via official ICTV taxonomic proposals that were accepted by the ICTV Executive Committee (EC) in February 2019. Therefore, these changes are now part of the official ICTV taxonomy.
Taxonomic changes at the order rank
No changes were made at the order rank.
Taxonomic changes at the family rank
Artoviridae
No changes were made at the family rank.
Bornaviridae
One new genus, Cultervirus, including one new species, Sharpbelly cultervirus, was added to the family Bornaviridae for classification of Wǔhàn sharpbelly bornavirus (WhSBV) discovered in a sharpbelly (Hemiculter leucisculus) [29] (TaxoProp 2018.016M.A.v1.Cultervirus.docx).
Filoviridae
The family Filoviridae was expanded by the addition of two new genera. The genus Striavirus was created to include species Xilang striavirus for Xīlǎng virus (XILV; previously “Wēnlǐng frogfish filovirus”) discovered in striated frogfish (Antennarius striatus). The genus Thamnovirus was created to include species Huangjiao thamnovirus for Huángjiāo virus (HUJV; previously “Wēnlǐng thamnaconus septentrionalis filovirus”) discovered in a filefish (Thamnaconus septentrionalis) [29] (TaxoProp 2018.015M.A.v1.Filoviridae_2gen).
Lispiviridae
No changes were made at the family rank.
Mymonaviridae
No changes were made at the family rank.
Nyamiviridae
No changes were made at the family rank.
Paramyxoviridae
After a thorough assessment [27], the family Paramyxoviridae was comprehensively reorganized (TaxoProp 2018.011M.A.v1.Paramyxoviridae):
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the subfamily Avulavirinae was created for three genera (two new [Metaavulavirus, Paraavulavirus], one renamed [Avulavirus→Orthoavulavirus]) to accommodate previously classified viruses. All included species names were renamed;
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the subfamily Metaparamyxovirinae was created for one new genus (Synodonvirus) including one new species (Synodus paramyxovirus) for Wēnlǐng triplecross lizardfish paramyxovirus (WTLPV) discovered in triplecross lizardfish (Synodus macrops) [29];
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the subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae was created for five existing genera (Aquaparamyxovirus, Ferlavirus, Henipavirus, Morbillivirus, Respirovirus) and three new genera (Jeilongvirus, Narmovirus, Salemvirus). Genus Respirovirus was expanded by one species, Caprine respirovirus 3, for caprine parainfluenzavirus 3 (CPIV-3) discovered in goats [13, 33]. Genus Jeilongvirus includes six novel species: Beilong jeilongvirus for Beilong virus (BeiV) discovered in human kidney mesangial cells [14]; Jun jeilongvirus for J virus (JV) isolated from house mice (Mus musculus) [9, 16]; Lophuromys jeilongvirus 1 and 2 for Mount Mabu Lophuromys virus 1 and 2 (MMLV-1/2) identified in Rungwe brush-furred rats (Lophuromys machangui); Myodes jeilongvirus for Pohorje Myodes paramyxovirus 1 (PMPV-1) identified in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) [31]; and Tailam jeilongvirus for Tailam virus (TaiV) isolated from Indochinese forest rats (Rattus andamanensis) [32]. Genus Narmovirus includes four new species: Mossman narmovirus for Mossman virus (MossV) isolated from Rattus rats [6, 17]; Myodes narmovirus for bank vole virus 1 (BaV-1) detected in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) [2]; Nariva narmovirus for Nariva virus (NarV) discovered in short-tailed zygodonts (Zygodontomys brevicauda) [11, 30]; and Tupaia narmovirus for Tupaia paramyxovirus (TupV) isolated from northern treeshrews (Tupaia belangeri). Genus Salemvirus includes the species Salem salemvirus for Salem virus (SalV) isolated from horses [26].
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the subfamily Rubulavirinae was created for two genera (one new [Pararubulavirus], one renamed [Rubulavirus→Orthorubulavirus]) to accommodate previously classified rubulaviruses. All included species names were renamed; and
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three unassigned species were created in the family: Cynoglossus paramyxovirus for Wēnlǐng tonguesole paramyxovirus (WTSPV) discovered in a tonguesole (Cynoglossus sp.); Hoplichthys paramyxovirus for Wēnlǐng hoplichthys paramyxovirus (WHPV) identified in a flathead (Hoplichthys sp.); and Scoliodon paramyxovirus for Wēnzhōu pacific spadenose shark paramyxovirus (WPSSPV) discovered in a Pacific spadenose shark (Scoliodon macrorhynchos) [29].
Pneumoviridae
No changes were made at the family rank.
Rhabdoviridae
The family Rhabdoviridae was expanded by the addition of two new genera. Genus Alphanemrhavirus was created to include two new species, Xingshan alphanemrhavirus and Xinzhou alphanemrhavirus, for Xingshan nematode virus 4 (XsNV-4) and Xinzhou nematode virus 4 (XzNV-4), respectively [28] (TaxoProp 2018.001M.A.v1.Alphanemrhavirus). Genus Caligrhavirus was created to include three new species, Caligus caligrhavirus, Lepeophtheirus caligrhavirus, and Salmonlouse caligrhavirus for Caligus rogercresseyi rhabdovirus (CRoRV) detected in a copepod (Caligus rogercresseyi) [19], Lepeophtheirus salmonis rhabdovirus 127 (LSalRV-127), and Lepeophtheirus salmonis rhabdovirus 9 (LSalRV-9), both identified in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) [18], respectively (2018.002M.A.v1.Caligrhavirus).
The genus Dichorhavirus was expanded by three species: Citrus chlorotic spot dichorhavirus, Citrus leprosis N dichorhavirus, and Clerodendrum chlorotic spot dichorhavirus for citrus chlorotic spot virus (CiCSV) discovered in sweet orange trees [7], citrus leprosis virus N (CiLV-N) also found in sweet orange trees [24], and Clerodendrum chlorotic spot virus (ClCSV) discovered in an ornamental plant (Clerodendrum sp.) [25], respectively (2018.003M.A.v1.Dichorhavirus_3sp).
One new species, Vaprio ledantevirus, was added to genus Ledantevirus, for Vaprio virus (VAPV) of Kuhl’s pipistrelles (Pipistrellus kuhlii) [12] (2018.004M.A.v1.Ledantevirus_sp).
Sunviridae
No changes were made at the family rank.
Xinmoviridae
No changes were made at the family rank.
Summary
A summary of the current, ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales is presented in Table 1.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Laura Bollinger (NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA) for critically editing the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported in part through Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I (J.H.K.) and with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), under Contract No. HHSN261200800001 (I.C.). U.J.B. received funding from the Intramural Research Program of NIH/NIAID. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). This work was also supported by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), Scottish Government and Welsh Government (grant number SV3500) (A.R.F.). This work was also supported by the 100-Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y.B.). Additional funding comes from Fapesp grants 2017/50222-0 (J.F.A), 2014/08458-9 (E.W.K) and 2016/01960-6 (C.C.J.), and Capes PNPD20132154-33141010001P4 (P.L.R.G). A.R.F. is financially supported by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the Scottish and Welsh governments. This research was also supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (WFR GR-2011-023505919).
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Thomas Briese, Ralf Dürrwald, Masayuki Horie, Timothy H. Hyndman, Norbert Nowotny, Susan L. Payne, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Mark D. Stenglein, Keizō Tomonaga, Jens H. Kuhn: the members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Bornaviridae Study Group; Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Christopher F. Basler, Sina Bavari, Alexander Bukreyev, Kartik Chandran, Ian Crozier, Olga Dolnik, John M. Dye, Pierre B. H. Formenty, Anthony Griffiths, Roger Hewson, Gary P. Kobinger, Eric M. Leroy, Elke Mühlberger, Sergey V. Netesov, Gustavo Palacios, Bernadett Pályi, Janusz T. Pawęska, Sophie J. Smither, Ayato Takada, Jonathan S. Towner, Victoria Wahl, Jens H. Kuhn: the members of the 2017–2020 ICTV Filoviridae Study Group; W. Paul Duprex, Dàohóng Jiāng, Bertus K. Rima, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Peter J. Walker, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Piet Maes, F. Murilo Zerbini, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Jens H. Kuhn: the members of the 2017–2020 ICTV Mononegavirales Study Group; María A. Ayllón, Dàohóng Jiāng, Shin-Yi, L. Marzano: the members of the 2017–2020 ICTV Mymonaviridae Study Group; Ralf G. Dietzgen, Dàohóng Jiāng, Nikos Vasilakis, Jens H. Kuhn: the members of the 2017–2020 ICTV Nyamiviridae Study Group; Anne Balkema-Buschmann, William G. Dundon, W. Paul Duprex, Andrew J. Easton, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Gael Kurath, Robert A. Lamb, Benhur Lee, Bertus K. Rima, Paul Rota, Lin-Fa Wang: the members of the 2017–2020 ICTV Paramyxoviridae Study Group; Paul A. Brown, Ursula J. Buchholz, Rik L. de Swart, Jan F. Drexler, W. Paul Duprex, Andrew J. Easton, Jiànróng Lǐ, Kirsten Spann, Bernadette van den Hoogen, John V. Williams: the members of the 2017–2020 ICTV Pneumoviridae Study Group; Kim R. Blasdell, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Anthony R. Fooks, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Hideki Kondō, Gael Kurath, Ivan V. Kuzmin, David M. Stone, Robert B. Tesh, Noël Tordo, Nikos Vasilakis, Peter J. Walker, Anna E. Whitfield: the members of the 2017–2020 ICTV Rhabdoviridae Study Group; Peter Simmonds: the 2017–2020 ICTV Chair of the Fungal and Protist Viruses Subcommittee; Peter J. Walker: the 2018–2020 ICTV Proposal Secretary; F. Murilo Zerbini: the 2017–2020 ICTV Chair of the Plant Viruses Subcommittee; and Jens H. Kuhn: the 2017–2020 ICTV Chair of the Animal dsRNA and ssRNA-Viruses Subcommittee.
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Amarasinghe, G.K., Ayllón, M.A., Bào, Y. et al. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2019. Arch Virol 164, 1967–1980 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04247-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04247-4