Abstract
In an attempt to determine whether or not genetic variants of the Tasmanian strain of Atlantic salmon aquareovirus (TSRV) exist, 14 isolates of TSRV, originating from various locations in Tasmania, covering a 20-year period (1990–2010), obtained from various host species and tissues, and isolated on different cell lines, were selected for this study. Two categories, termed “typical” and “atypical”, of variants of TSRV were identified based on preliminary genotypic and phenotypic characterization carried out on these 14 different isolates. In addition, electron microscopic examination indicated the existence of at least three variants based on viral particle size. Finally, this study demonstrated the existence of at least one new variant of TSRV isolates, other than the more commonly isolated typical TSRV isolates, in farmed Tasmanian Atlantic salmon.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahne W, Kolbl O (1987) Occurrence of reoviruses in European cyprinid fishes (Tinca tinca Lin.; Leuciscus cephalus Lin.). J Appl Ichthyol 3:139–141
Amend DF, McDowell T, Hedrick RP (1984) Characteristics of a previously unidentified virus from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41:807–811
Attoui H, Fang Q, Jaafar FM, Cantaloube JF, Biagini P, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X (2002) Common evolutionary origin of aquareoviruses and orthoreoviruses revealed by genome characterisation of Golden shiner reovirus, Grass carp reovirus, Striped bass reovirus and Golden ide reovirus (genus Aquareovirus, family Reoviridae). J Gen Virol 83:1941–1951
Attoui H, Mertens PPC et al (2012) Reoviridae. In: King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, Lefkowitz EJ (eds) Ninth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, pp 541–637
Carlile GA (2008) Epidemiological, molecular and pathogenesis studies of Atlantic salmon aquareovirus (TSRV). PhD Thesis. Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne and CSIRO Division of Livestock Industries Australian Animal Health Laboratory
Carlile G, East IJ, McColl KA, Ellard K, Browning GF, Crane MStJ (2014) The spatial and temporal variation of the distribution and prevalence of Atlantic salmon reovirus (TSRV) infection in Tasmania, Australia. Prev Vet Med 116:214–219
Crane MStJ, Carlile G (2008) Aquareoviruses. In: Mahy BWJ, Van Regenmortel MHV (eds) Encyclopedia of virology. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 163–169
Dopazo CP, Toranzo AE, Samal SK, Roberson BS, Baya A, Hetrick FM (1992) Antigenic relationships among rotaviruses isolated from fish. J Fish Dis 15:27–36
Francki RIB (1991) Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Arch Virol 2:223–233
Goodwin AE, Merry GE, Attoui H (2010) Detection and prevalence of the nonsyncytial american grass carp reovirus aquareovirus G by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Aquat Animal Health 22:8–13
Goodwin AE, Merry GE, Sadler J (2006) Detection of the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease agent (Cyprinid herpesvirus 2) in moribund and healthy goldfish: validation of a quantitative PCR diagnostic method. Dis Aquat Org 69:137–143
Goodwin AE, Nayak DK (2006) Natural infections of wild creek chubs and cultured fathead minnow by Chinese grass carp reovirus (golden shiner virus). J Aquat Animal Health 18:35–38
Jiang Y, Ahne W (1989) Some properties of the etiological agent of the hemorrhagic disease of grass carp and black carp. In: Ahne W, Kustak E (eds) Viruses of lower vertebrates. Springer, Berlin, pp 227–240
Lupiani B, Hetrick FM, Samal SK (1993) Genetic analysis of aquareovirus using RNA-RNA blot hybridization. Virology 197:475–479
Lupiani B, Subramanian K, Samal SK (1995) Aquareoviruses. Ann Rev Fish Dis 5:175–208
McColl KA, Davies KR, Young JG, Crane MStJ (2009) Aquatic birnavirus infections of finfish. In: Australian and New Zealand standard diagnostic procedures. Sub-Committee on Animal Health Laboratory
McEntire ME, Iwanowicz LR, Goodwin AE (2003) Molecular, physical, and clinical evidence that golden shiner virus and grass carp reovirus are variants of the same virus. J Aquat Animal Health 15:257–263
Meyers TR (1979) A reo-like virus isolated from juvenile American oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J Gen Virol 43:203–212
Meyers TR (1980) Experimental pathogenicity of reovirus 13p2 for juvenile American oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) and bluegill fingerlings Lepomis macrochirus (Rafinesque). J Fish Dis 3:187–201
Meyers TR (1983) Serological and histopathological responses of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to experimental infection with the 13p2 reovirus. J Fish Dis 6:277–292
Plumb J, Bowser PR, Grizzle JM, Mitchell AJ (1979) Fish viruses: double-stranded RNA icosahedral virus from a North American cyprinid. J Fish Res Board Can 36:1390–1394
Rangel AAC, Rockemann DD, Hetrick FM, Samal SK (1999) Identification of grass carp haemorrhage virus as a new genogroup of aquareovirus. J Gen Virol 80:2399–2402
Raynard R, Wahli T, Vatsos I, Mortensen S (2007) Review of disease interactions and pathogen exchange between farmed and wild finfish and shellfish in Europe. VESO, Oslo
Schwedler TC, Plumb JA (1982) Golden shiner virus and effects of stocking density on the incidence of viral infection. Progress Fish Cultur 44:151–152
Seng EK, Fang Q, Chang SF, Ngoh GH, Qin QW, Lam TJ, Sin YM (2002) Characterisation of a pathogenic virus isolated from marine threadfin fish (Eleutheronema tetradactylus) during a disease outbreak. Aquaculture 214:1–18
Seng EK, Fang Q, Sin YM, Lam TJ (2005) Molecular characterisation of a major outer capsid protein encoded by the Threadfin aquareovirus (TFV) gene segment 10 (S10). Arch Virol 150:2021–2036
Shaw AL, Samal SK, Subramaniam K, Prasad BVV (1996) The structure of aquareovirus shows how the different geometrics of the two layers of the capsid are reconciled to provide symmetrical interactions and stabilisation. Structure 4:957–967
Subramanian K, Hetrick FM, Samal SK (1997) Identification of a new genogroup of aquareovirus by RNA-RNA hybridization. J Gen Virol 78:1385–1388
Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mole Biol Evol 30:2725–2729
Towbin H, Staehelin T, Gordon J (1979) Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proced Natl Acad Sci USA 76:4350–4354
Zainathan SC, Carson J, Crane MStJ, Nowak BF (2013) Laboratory evaluation of sample collection methods (organs vs swabs) for Tasmanian salmon reovirus detection in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 36:427–436
Zainathan SC, Carlile G, Carson J, McColl KA, Crane MStJ, Williams LM, Hoad J, Moody NJG, Aiken HM, Browning GF, Nowak BF (2015) Development and application of molecular methods (PCR) for detection of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus. J Fish Dis 38:739–754
Acknowledgements
This work was performed at an NCRIS funded facility.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Funding
This study was funded by the University of Tasmania and Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. No particular research grants were involved.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research involving human participants and/or animals and informed consent
This research was based on samples obtained from an archive collection, maintained at the Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL). Thus, this study did not involve any human or animal participants and no informed consent was needed.
Additional information
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3238-z.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zainathan, S.C., Carson, J., Crane, M.S.J. et al. Preliminary characterization of Tasmanian aquareovirus (TSRV) isolates. Arch Virol 162, 625–634 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-3132-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-3132-0