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Comparative analysis of drug resistance mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase gene in patients who are non-responsive, responsive and naive to antiretroviral therapy

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Abstract

Drug resistance mutations in the Pol gene of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) are one of the critical factors associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure in HIV-1 patients. The issue of resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) in HIV infection has not been adequately addressed in the Indian subcontinent. We compared HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) gene sequences to identify mutations present in HIV-1 patients who were ART non-responders, ART responders and drug naive. Genotypic drug resistance testing was performed by sequencing a 655-bp region of the RT gene from 102 HIV-1 patients, consisting of 30 ART-non-responding, 35 ART-responding and 37 drug-naive patients. The Stanford HIV Resistance Database (HIVDBv 6.2), IAS-USA mutation list, ANRS_09/2012 algorithm, and Rega v8.02 algorithm were used to interpret the pattern of drug resistance. The majority of the sequences (96 %) belonged to subtype C, and a few of them (3.9 %) to subtype A1. The frequency of drug resistance mutations observed in ART-non-responding, ART-responding and drug-naive patients was 40.1 %, 10.7 % and 20.58 %, respectively. It was observed that in non-responders, multiple mutations were present in the same patient, while in responders, a single mutation was found. Some of the drug-naive patients had more than one mutation. Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs), however, were found in non-responders and naive patients but not in responders. Although drug resistance mutations were widely distributed among ART non-responders, the presence of resistance mutations in the viruses of drug-naive patients poses a big concern in the absence of a genotyping resistance test.

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Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, Government of India, for providing financial support to conduct this study (vide grant number 27(0236)/10/EMR-II).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India

    Mohammad Misbah, Gaurav Roy, Mudassar Shahid & Mohammad Husain

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India

    Nalin Nag

  3. Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India

    Suresh Kumar

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  1. Mohammad Misbah
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Misbah, M., Roy, G., Shahid, M. et al. Comparative analysis of drug resistance mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase gene in patients who are non-responsive, responsive and naive to antiretroviral therapy. Arch Virol 161, 1101–1113 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2760-8

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