Abstract
The H9N2 influenza virus is endemic in poultry. We report its occurrence in live-poultry markets, fair-trade markets and poultry farms in the Shanghai region between September 2006 and December 2010. An analysis of partial sequences of the HA, NA, PB1, PB2 and NP genes of eleven distinct H9N2 isolates revealed that all carried an RSSR motif at the cleavage site of HA, diagnostic of low pathogenicity in chickens. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that these isolates are derived from the lineage represented by Duck/HK/Y280/97, but they have evolved a range of reassortments. Their PB1 and NP sequences resembled those of H5N1 strains, indicating a hybrid origin involving both H9 and H5 strains. The HA and NA sequences present in all eleven isolates resembled those of the Duck/HK/Y280/97-like lineage. Infection by H9N2 is commonplace in Shanghai live-poultry markets, allowing the viruses to have evolved rapidly.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aamir UB, Wernery U, Ilyushina N, Webster RG (2007) Characterization of avian H9N2 influenza viruses from United Arab Emirates 2000 to 2003. Virology 361:45–55
Banks J, Speidel EC, Harris PA, Alexander DJ (2000) Phylogenetic analysis of influenza A viruses of H9 haemagglutinin subtype. Avian Pathol 29:353–360
Cameron KR, Gregory V, Banks J, Brown IH, Alexander DJ, Hay AJ, Lin YP (2000) H9N2 subtype influenza A viruses in poultry in Pakistan are closely related to the H9N2 viruses responsible for human infection in Hong Kong. Virology 278:36–41
Choi YK, Seo SH, Kim JA, Webby RJ, Webster RG (2005) Avian influenza viruses in Korean live poultry markets and their pathogenic potential. Virology 332:529–537
Lee YJ, Shin JY, Song MS, Lee YM, Choi JG, Lee EK, Jeong OM, Sung HW, Kim JH, Kwon YK, Kwon JH, Kim CJ, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Choi YK (2007) Continuing evolution of H9 influenza viruses in Korean poultry. Virology 359:313–323
Li KS, Xu KM, Peiris JS, Poon LL, Yu KZ, Yuen KY, Shortridge KF, Webster RG, Guan Y (2003) Characterization of H9 subtype influenza viruses from the ducks of southern China: a candidate for the next influenza pandemic in humans. J Virol 77:6988–6994
Lin YP, Shaw M, Gregory V, Cameron K, Lim W, Klimov A, Subbarao K, Guan Y, Krauss S, Shortridge K, Webster R, Cox N, Hay A (2000) Avian-to-human transmission of H9N2 subtype influenza A viruses: relationship between H9N2 and H5N1 human isolates. PNAS 97:9654–9658
Peiris M, Yuen KY, Leung CW, Chan KH, Ip PL, Lai RW, Orr WK, Shortridge KF (1999) Human infection with influenza H9N2. Lancet 354:916–917
Guo Y, Dong J, Wang M, Zhang Y, Guo J, Wu K (2001) Characterization of hemagglutinin gene of influenza A virus subtype H9N2. Chin Med J 114:76–79
Butt KM, Smith GJD, Chen H, Zhang LJ, Leung YH, Xu KM, Lim W, Webster RG, Yuen KY, Peiris JSM, Guan Y (2005) Human infection with an avian H9N2 influenza A virus in Hong Kong in 2003. J Clin Microbiol 43:5760–5767
Peiris JS, Guan Y, Markwell D, Ghose P, Webster RG, Shortridge KF (2001) Cocirculation of avian H9N2 and contemporary “human” H3N2 influenza A viruses in pigs in southeastern China: potential for genetic reassortment? J Virol 75:9679–9686
Xu C, Fan W, Wei R, Zhao H (2004) Isolation and identification of swine influenza recombinant A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003 (H9N2) virus. Microbes Infect 10:919–925
Matrosovich MN, Krauss S, Webster RG (2001) H9N2 influenza A viruses from poultry in Asia have human virus-like receptor specificity. Virology 281:156–162
Ge FF, Zhou JP, Liu J, Wang J, Zhang WY, Shen LP, Xu F, Ju HB, Sun QY, Liu PH (2009) Genetic evolution of H9 subtype influenza viruses from live poultry markets in Shanghai, China. J Clin Microbiol 47(10):3294–3300
Guan Y, Shortridge KF, Krauss S, Chin PS, Dyrting KC, Ellis TM, Webster RG, Peiris M (2000) H9N2 Influenza viruses possessing H5N1-Like internal genomes continue to circulate in poultry in southern china. J Virol 74(20):9372–9380
Li C, Yu K, Tian G, Yu D, Liu L, Jing B, Ping J, Chen H (2005) Evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses from domestic poultry in Mainland China. Virology 340:70–83
Naeem K, Ullah A, Manvell RJ, Alexander DJ (1999) Avian influenza A subtype H9N2 in poultry in Pakistan. Vet Rec 145:560
Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y (2001) Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses. Science 293:1840–1842
Li Z, Chen H, Jiao P, Deng G, Tian G, Li Y, Hoffmann E, Webster RG, Matsuoka Y, Yu K (2005) Molecular basis of replication of duck H5N1 influenza viruses in a mammalian mouse model. J Virol 79:12058–12064
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant from Shanghai Scientific Agricultural Tackling Program (NO. 2007(3-4)).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, JP., Ge, FF., Liu, J. et al. Epidemiological survey and genetic evolution of H9 subtype influenza viruses in Shanghai, China, from 2006 to 2010. Arch Virol 157, 1193–1198 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1266-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1266-2