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Active reassortment of H9 influenza viruses between wild birds and live-poultry markets in Korea

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Abstract

Surveillance of H9 avian influenza viruses in Korean live-poultry markets from September 2004 through October 2007 was carried out to investigate active reassortment between wild migratory birds and domestic poultry in Korea. Antigenic and phylogenetic analyses showed that most of the isolates belong to the previous Korean H9N2-like lineage and differ from the southeastern Chinese strains. Interestingly, the Ck/Korea/LPM77/06 group (genotype B) and Dk/Korea/LPM248/07 group (genotype C) showed unique properties distinct from those of other Korean H9N2 strains. Although the HA genes of these two groups belong to Korean H9N2-like lineage, the PA genes closely resemble those of the Chinese Y280-like lineage. In addition, the PB2 genes of the Dk/Korea/LPM248/07 group were closely related to those isolated from migratory birds. Several other isolates also clustered within the H9N2 B genotype, an indication that there are at least two predominant H9N2 influenza genotypes in Korea. Another isolate, Dk/Korea/LPM71/06, was identified as an H9N1 subtype, the first ever discovered in Korean live-poultry markets. These findings reveal that reassortment of Korean H9 influenza viruses has occurred frequently in live-poultry markets and may have been mediated by introduction of genetic material from viruses circulating among migratory wild birds to domestic birds. Consequently, the new dominant H9N2 genotypes have become established in Korean live-poultry markets through continued reassortment.

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by a TBP grant (KGM311912) from Korean Research Council of Fundamental Science & Technology and KRIBB. We thank Taek-Kyu Oh for technical assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea

    Ho Jin Moon, Deu John M. Cruz, Dong Ho Choi & Chul Joong Kim

  2. College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong Heungduk-Gu, Cheongju, 361-763, Republic of Korea

    Min Suk Song, Kuk Jin Park, Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua, Jun Han Lee, Yun Hee Baek & Young Ki Choi

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  1. Ho Jin Moon
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  2. Min Suk Song
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  10. Chul Joong Kim
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Correspondence to Chul Joong Kim.

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The authors Ho Jin Moon and Min Suk Song contributed equally for this work.

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Moon, H.J., Song, M.S., Cruz, D.J.M. et al. Active reassortment of H9 influenza viruses between wild birds and live-poultry markets in Korea. Arch Virol 155, 229–241 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0577-4

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