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Trends in pan evaporation and climate variables in Iran

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Abstract

Contrary to expectations that global warming will be accompanied by an increase in terrestrial evaporation, pan evaporation (PE) has decreased in several parts of the world during the last decades. This opposing relationship is known as the pan evaporation paradox phenomenon that can be affected by climate change. For this purpose, this study identifies spatial and temporal trends in PE and its associated climate variables (Cvars) in Iran at seasonal and annual time scales. Hence, PE and Cvars data from 68 meteorological stations distributed over Iran during the period 1987–2016 were selected. The analyses of the temporal and spatial trends in PE, Cvars, and relationships among them were examined using the statistical techniques to identify the causes of PE trends. Results indicated that stations located in the subtropical region (latitude below 32°), which is mostly located in the southern half of Iran, showed significant negative PE trends (about 20–30% of stations) in spite of an increasing trend in temperatures indicating the “pan paradox” phenomenon. However, stations with significant positive PE trends (about 40% of stations), which are mostly located in the northern half of Iran, are placed at latitudes above 32°. Trend analysis of other Cvars indicated significant increases in temperatures, sunshine duration, and wind speed in more than half of the stations on all time scales. In addition, minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures, and sunshine duration were the most dominant variables affecting PE in annual, spring, autumn, and summer, respectively, in Iran.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan for providing the data used in the paper. The authors wish to thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their fruitful comments that helped us improve the quality of the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Water Science & Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, P.O. Box 77188-97111, Rafsanjan, Iran

    Fatemeh Soroush & Farshad Fathian

  2. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Farideh Sadat Hasheminasab Khabisi

  3. Civil Engineering Department, Water Resources Division, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ercan Kahya

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  1. Fatemeh Soroush
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Table 6 Previous studies analyzing PE and ETo trends over the world
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Soroush, F., Fathian, F., Khabisi, F.S.H. et al. Trends in pan evaporation and climate variables in Iran. Theor Appl Climatol 142, 407–432 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03262-9

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