Abstract
Pollen morphology of 36 species and 9 varieties of Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) from China was investigated through scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains of the genus are monads, radiosymmetric and tricolpate, mainly medium in size, spheroidal (rarely subprolate, prolate or suboblate) in equatorial view and (sub) circular or rounded triangular in polar view. The edge of colpus is thin, perforate or thickened but imperforate and the colpus membrane of the investigated taxa is usually uneven (sunken or raised), with finely/coarsely granular or irregular striation. Four different ornamentation types are delimited on the basis of exine sculpturing: (1) coarsely reticulate; (2) microreticulate; (3) rugosely reticulate and (4) rugulate reticulate. The results do not support the traditional infrageneric classification of Callicarpa which is based on stamen characters. However, pollen characters provide evidence to support Callicarpa as the sister to the Australian subfamily Prostantheroideae, a relationship previously suggested by molecular phylogenetic analyses.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu-Asab MS, Cantino PD (1989) Pollen morphology of Trichostema (Labiatae) and its systematic implications. Syst Bot 14:359–369
Abu-Asab MS, Cantino PD (1992) Pollen morphology in subfamily Lamioideae (Labiatae) and its phylogenetic implication. In: Harley RM, Reynods T (eds) Advances in labiatae science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 97–112
Abu-Asab MS, Cantino PD (1993) Systematic implications of pollen morphology in Tribe Prostanthereae (Labiatae). Syst Bot 18:563–574
Abu-Asab MS, Cantino PD (1994) Systematic implications of pollen morphology in subfamilies Lamioideae and Pogostemonoidea (Labiatae). Ann Missouri Bot Gard 81:653–686
Abu-Asab MS, Cantino PD, Nowicke JW, Sang T (1993) Systematic implications of pollen morphology in Caryopteris (Labiatae). Syst Bot 18:502–515
Bendiksby M, Thorbek L, Scheen A-C, Lindqvist C, Ryding O (2011) An updated phylogeny and classification of Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae. Taxon 60:471–484
Bramley GLC (2009) The genus Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) on Borneo. Bot J Linn Soc 159:416–455. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00907.x
Bramley GLC (2013) The genus Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) in the Philippines. Kew Bull 68:1–50. doi:10.1007/S12225-013-9456-Y
Bramley GLC, Forest F, de Kok RPJ (2009) Troublesome tropical mints: re-examining generic limits of Vitex and relations (Lamiaceae) in South East Asia. Taxon 58:500–510
Briquet J (1895) Verbenaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, IV, 3a. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 132–182
Brown R (1810) Verbenaceae. Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen. Richard Taylor & Co., London, pp 510–514
Cantino PD (1992) Evidence for a polyphyletic origin of the Labiatae. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 79:361–379
Celenk S, Tarimcilar G, Bicakci A, Kaynak G, Malyer H (2008a) A palynological study of the genus Mentha L. (Lamiaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 157:141–154. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00789.x
Celenk S, Dirmenci T, Malyer H, Bicakci A (2008b) A palynological study of the genus Nepeta L. (Lamiaceae). Pl Syst Evol 276:105–123. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0062-7
Chang HT (1951) A review of the Chinese species of Callicarpa. Acta Phytotax Sin 1:269–312
Chen SL, Gilbert MG (1994) Verbenaceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (eds) Flora of China, vol 17., Science PressBeijing and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp 1–49
Drew B, Sytsma KJ (2012) Phylogenetics, biogeography, and stamina evolution in the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae). Amer J Bot 99:933–953. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100549
Erdtman G (1945) Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. IV. Labiatae, Verbenaceae, and Aviceniaceae. Svensk Bot Tidskr 39:279–285
Erdtman G (1969) Handbook of Palynology. An introduction to study of pollen grains and spores, Munksgaard, Copenhagen
Fang WZ (1982) Callicarpa L. (Verbenaceae). In: Pei C, Chen SL (eds) Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, vol 65. Science Press, Beijing, pp 24–79
Harley MM (1992) The potential value of pollen morphology as an additional taxonomic character in subtribe Ociminae (Ocimeae: Nepetoideae: Labiatae). In: Harley RM, Reynolds T (eds) Advances in Labiatae science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 125–138
Harley MM, Paton A, Harley RM, Cade PG (1992) Pollen morphological studies in tribe Ocimeae (Nepetoideae: Labiatae): 1. Ocimum L. Grana 31:161–176
Harley RM, Atkins S, Budantsey AL, Cantino PD, Conn BJ, Grayer R, Harley MM, Kok R, de Krestovskaja T, Morales R, Paton AJ, Ryding O, Upson T (2004) Labiatae. In: Kubitzki K, Kadereit JW (eds) Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons ~ Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin, vol 7: 167–275
Hesse M, Halbritter H, Zetter R, Weber M, Buchner R, Frosch-Radivo A, Ulrich S (2009) Pollen Terminology. An illustrated handbook, Springer, Wien, New York
Junell S (1934) Zur Gynaceummorphologie und Systematik der Verbenaceen und Labiaten. Symb Bot Upsal 4:1–219
Kahraman A, Celep F, Kahraman A (2009) Comparative morphology, anatomy and palynology of two Salvia L. species (Labiatae) and their taxonomic implications. Bangladesh J Pl Taxon 16:73–82
Karabournioti S, Eleftheriou EP, Thrasyvoulou A, Fasseas C (2007) Pollen polymorphism in Thymus capitatus (Lamiaceae). Canad J Bot 85:493–500. doi:10.1139/B07-048
Large MF, Mabberley DJ (1995) An assessment of pollen morphology in the genus Vitex L. (Labiatae). Grana 35:291–299
Leeratiwong C, Chantaranothai P, Paton AJ (2009) A synopsis of the genus Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forest Bull, Bot 37:36–58
Linnaeus C (1753) Species plantarum, 1st edn. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm
Liu BL (1985) Pollen morphology of the family Verbenaceae in China. Bull Bot Res 5:23–62
Ma ZH, Zhang DX (2012) Callicarpa hainanensis: a new species of Callicarpa from Hainan, China. J Syst Evol 50:573–579. doi:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2012.00229.x
Moon HK, Hong SP (2003) Pollen morphology of the genus Lycopus (Lamiaceae). Ann Bot Fenn 40:191–198
Moon HK, Vinckier S, Smets E, Huysmans S (2008a) Comparative pollen morphology and ultrastructure of Menthae subtribe Nepetinae (Lamiaceae). Rev Palaeobot Palynol 149:174–186. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.12.001
Moon HK, Vinckier S, Walker JB, Smets E, Huysmans S (2008b) A search for phylogenetically informative pollen characters in the subtribe Salviinae (Mentheae: Lamiaceae). Int J Pl Sci 169:455–471. doi:10.1086/526463
Nilsson S, Praglowski J (1992) Erdtman’s handbook of palynology, 2nd edn. Munksgaard, Copenhagen
Özler H, Pehlivan S, Kahraman A, Dogan M, Celep F, Baser B, Yavru A, Bagherpour S (2011) Pollen morphology of the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. Flora 206:316–327. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2010.07.005
Perveen A, Qaiser M (2003) Pollen morphology of the family Labiatae from Pakistan. Pakistan J Bot 35:671–693
Perveen A, Qaiser M (2007) Pollen flora of Pakistan-LIII. Verbenaceae. Pakistan J Bot 39:663–669
Punt W, Hoen PP, Blackmore S, Nilsson S, Thomas AL (2007) Glossary of pollen and spore terminology. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 143:1–81
Raj B (1983) A contribution to the pollen morphology of Verbenaceae. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 39:343–422
Reitsma T (1969) Size modifications of recent pollen grains under different treatments. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 9:175–202
Sebsebe D, Harley M (1992) Trichome, seed surface and pollen characters in Stachys (Lamioideae: Labiatae) in tropical Africa. In: Harley RM, Reynolds T (eds) Advances in Labiatae science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 149–166
Thorne RF (1992) Classification and geography of the flowering plants. Bot Rev 58:225–348
Trudel MCG, Morton JK (1992) Pollen morphology and taxonomy in North American Labiatae. Canad J Bot 70:975–995
Wagstaff SJ (1992) A phylogenetic interpretation of pollen morphology in tribe Mentheae (Labiatae). In: Harley RM, Reynolds T (eds) Advances in Labiatae science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 113–124
Wei ZX (2003) Pollen flora of seed plants. Yunnan science and technology press, Kunming
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 31400178) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant no. 2013FY111200). We are indebted to Ms. Xiao-Ying Hu for technical assistance with scanning electron microscope observations and Dr. Pei-Wu Xie for helpful advice.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Handling editor: Jürg Schönenberger.
Appendix
Appendix
Specimens investigated
Callicarpa americana L. China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 538 m a. s. l., 11 Jul 2011, Z. H. Ma 0101 (IBSC).
C. angustifolia King & Gamble. Vietnam: Ningping, 230 m a. s. l., 17 Feb 1965, China Vietnam Exp. 2373 (KUN); China: Yunnan, Hekou, 1965, China Vietnam Exp. 2352 (KUN).
C. anisophylla C.Y.Wu ex W.Z.Fang. China: Guangxi, Rongshui, 1100 m a. s. l., 20 Jun 1958, S. H. Chun 14616 (PE); China: Guizhou, Rongjiang, 7 Aug 1959, South Sichuan Exp. 3331 (PE).
C. arborea Roxb. China: Guangxi, Longjin, 750 m a. s. l., 5 Jun 1957, S. H. Chun 11599 (IBSC); China: Yunnan, Luxi, 880 m a. s. l., 23 Nov 2009, Z. H. Ma 071 (IBSC); China: Guangxi, Napo, 902 m a. s. l., 27 Jun 2011, Z. H. Ma 092 (IBSC).
C. bodinieri H.Lév. China: Guangdong, Guangzhou, 11 Jul 1981, H. G. Ye 394 (IBSC); Guangxi, Napo, 873 m a. s. l., 28 Jun 2011, Z. H. Ma 094 (IBSC).
C. bodinieri var. iteophylla C.Y.Wu. China: Yunnan, Fohai, 1550 m a. s. l., May 1936, C. W. Wang 73845 (PE).
C. brevipes (Benth.) Hance. China: Guangdong, Guangzhou, 35 m a. s. l., 26 May 2010, Z. H. Ma 082 (IBSC); Guangdong, Ruyuan, 500 m a. s. l., 19 May 1973, Yue73 67 (IBSC); Hainan, Ledong, 710 m a. s. l., 13 Sep 2011, L. X. Zhou 5476 (IBSC).
C. candicans Hochreutiner. China: Hainan, Danzhou, 12 Feb 1933, S. K. Lau 1026 (IBSC); Hainan, Changjiang, 614 m a. s. l., 22 Nov 2010, Z. H. Ma 0128 (IBSC).
C. cathayana H.T.Chang. China: Guangdong, Dapu, 16 Aug 1958, H. K. Li 202498 (IBSC); Guangdong, Yingde, 340 m a. s. l., 20 Aug 2010, X. X. Huang 10411 (IBSC).
C. dichotoma K.Koch. China: Guangdong, Lianshan, 480 m a. s. l., 17 Jul 1958, P. C. Tam 58836 (IBSC); Guangdong, Yangchun, 600 m a. s. l., 18 Apr 1991, N. Liu 1372 (IBSC).
C. dolichophylla Merr. China: Guangdong, Gaoyao, 250 m a. s. l., 29 Aug 1958, Y. G. Liu 1700 (IBSC); Hainan, Changjiang, 710 m a. s. l., 15 Jul 2011, Z. H. Ma 0159 (IBSC); Guangdong, Xinyi, 16 Jul 1931, C. Wang 30946 (IBSC); Guangdong, Maoming, 12 Aug 1956, L. Deng 2157 (IBSC).
C. giraldii Hesse ex Rehder. China: Zhejiang, Changhua. Y. Y. Ho 28983 (IBSC); Yunnan, Longlin, 1556 m a. s. l., 24 Nov 2009, Z. H. Ma 072 (IBSC).
C. giraldii var. chinyunensis (C.Pei & W.Z.Fang) S.L.Chen. China: Chongqin, Jinyunshan, 1150 m a. s. l., S. J. Wang 1109 (IBSC).
C. giraldii var. subcanescens Rehder. China: Guangdong, Ruyuan, 450 m a. s. l., 24 May 1973, Yue73 186 (IBSC).
C. gracilipes Rehder. China: Sichuan, Fengjie, 900 m a. s. l., 8 Jun 1958, H.F. Chow 26183 (IBSC); Sichuan, Chengkou, 1150 m a. s. l., 10 Jun 1958, T. L. Dai 100787 (PE).
C. hainanensis Z. H. Ma and D. X. Zhang. China: Hainan, Ledong, 528 m a. s. l., 21 Apr 2010, Z. H. Ma 079 (IBSC); Guangdong, Guangzhou, 33 m a. s. l., 2 May 2010, Z. H. Ma 0113 (IBSC).
C. integerrima Champion. China: Guangdong, Fengshun, 19 Jun 1957, H. K. Li 200973 (IBSC).
C. integerrima var. chinensis (P’ei) S. L. Chen. China: Hunan, Rucheng, 546 m a. s. l., 15 Aug 2010, X. X. Huang 10162 (IBSC).
C. japonica Thunb. China: Jiangxi, Lushan. M. K. Wang 772 (IBSC); Korea, 139 m a. s. l., 5 Aug 2010, Z. H. Ma 0160 (IBSC).
C. japonica var. luxurians Rehder. China: Taiwan, Taidong, 5 m a. s. l., 25 Jun 1998, T. Y. A. Yang 10493 (IBSC).
C. kochiana Makino. China: Guangdong, Shaoguan, 230 m a. s. l., 11 Sep 2011, G. Yao 255 (IBSC).
C. kochiana var. laxiflora W.Z.Fang. China: Hainan, Wenchang, 27 May 1957, H. D. Zhang 1256 (IBSC).
C. kwangtungensis Chun. China: Guangdong, Ruyuan, 00/00/1971, Yue71 422 (IBSC); Hunan, Xiangtan, 89 m a. s. l., 9 Aug 2011, Z. H. Ma 0124 (IBSC).
C. lingii Merr. China: Anhui, Xiuning, 17 Jun 1959, Anonymity 1971 (PE); Zhejiang, Ruian, 00 Jun 1959, S. Y. Chang 6534 (PE).
C. loboapiculata Metcalf. China: Guangdong, Lianshan, 540 m a. s. l., 5 Jul 1958, P. C. Tam 58546 (IBSC).
C. longifolia Lam. China: Hainan, Baoting, 1000 m a. s. l., 13 Jun 1935, F. C. How 72820 (IBSC); Guangdong, Guangzhou, 35 m a. s. l., 14 Aug 2009, Z. H. Ma 005 (IBSC); Yunnan, Jinghong, 512 m a. s. l., 12 Jul 2011, Z. H. Ma 0117 (IBSC); Sichuan, Ledong, 13 Jun 1936, S. K. Lau 27118 (IBSC).
C. longifolia var. floccosa Schauer. China: Guangxi, Lingyun, 17 Jul 1937, S. K. Lau 28677 (IBSC).
C. longipes Dunn. China: Guangdong, Xingning, 20 Jun 1958, H. K. Li 201845 (IBSC); Guangdong, Huizhou, 800 m a. s. l., 30 Jun 2010, Z. H. Ma 085 (IBSC).
C. luteopunctata Chang. China: Sichuan, Nanchuan, 1100 m a. s. l., 8 Jul 1957, C. H. Hsiung 91857 (IBSC).
C. macrophylla Vahl. China: Guangdong, Zhaoqin, 17 May 1977, G. L. Shi 12884 (IBSC); Guangxi, Shanglin, 209 m a. s. l., 14 Aug 2011, Z. H. Ma 0158 (IBSC); Yunnan, Funing, 1059 m a. s. l., 30 Jun 2011, Z. H. Ma 095 (IBSC).
C. membranacea Chang. China: Jiangxi, Lushan, 15 Jul 1955, B. K. Lee 126 (IBSC).
C. nudiflora Hook. & Arn. China: Hainan, Changjiang, 615 m a. s. l., 9 Jul 2011, Z. H. Ma 0155 (IBSC).
C. pauciflora Chun ex Chang. China: Guangdong, Boluo, 800 m a. s. l., 12 May 1993, Y. Q. Wang 784 (IBSC); Guangdong, Ruyuan, 1750 m a. s. l., 1 Jun 2011, Z. H. Ma 090 (IBSC).
C. pedunculata R.Br. China: Guangdong, Boluo, 24 Apr 1978, Yue78 5831 (IBSC); Jiangxi, Longnan, 700 m a. s. l., 18 Sep 2009, Z. H. Ma 059 (IBSC); Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 544 m a. s. l., 11 Jul 2011, Z. H. Ma 0104 (IBSC).
C. pedunculata var. longifolia Suzuki. China: Taiwan, Hualian, 300 m a. s. l., 4 May 1996, T. C. Chen 11594 (PE).
C. peichieniana Chun & S.L.Chen. China: Guangdong, Ruyuan, 600 m a. s. l., 21 Jun 1973, Yue73 1029 (IBSC); Guangdong, Huizhou, 467 m a. s. l., 18 Aug 2010, X. Guo 101 (IBSC).
C. pilosissima Maxim. China: Taiwan, 17 Oct 1932, T. Tanaka 13419 (IBSC); Taiwan, Taibei, 700 m a. s. l., 17 Oct 1983, S. Y. Lu 13210 (PE).
C. pingshanensis C.Y.Wu ex W.Z.Fang. China: Sichuan, Pingshan, 700 m a. s. l., 5 Jun 1959, Anonymity 0693 (KUN).
C. randaiensis Hayata. China: Taiwan, Jiayi, 2300 m a. s. l., 12 Jul 1996, T. T. Chen 7672 (PE).
C. remotiserrulata Hayata. China: Taiwan, Pingdong, 10 Apr 1988, S. Z. Yang 10700 (IBSC).
C. rubella f. crenata C.Pei. China: Guangdong, Yingde, 54 m a. s. l., 14 Sep 2010, Z. H. Ma 212 (IBSC).
C. rubella var. rubella Lindl. China: Guangdong, Qingyuan, 8 Jun 1933, C. Wang 32474 (IBSC); Guangdong, Shenzhen, 521 m a. s. l., 16 Aug 2010, Z. H. Ma 089 (IBSC); Guangdong, Yangjiang, 500 m a. s. l., 29 May 1956, C. Wang 41510 (IBSC).
C. rubella var. subglabra (C.Pei) Chang. China: Guangdong, Lianshan, 760 m a. s. l., 14 Jun 1958, P. C. Tam 58318 (IBSC); Guangxi, Rongxian, 980 m a. s. l., 26 Jun 1956, S. H. Chun 9568 (IBSC).
C. salicifolia C.Pei & W.Z.Fang. China: Sichuan, Pingshan, 600 m a. s. l., 1 Jun 1959, Anonymity 0807 (PE); Yunnan, Daguan, 1000 m a. s. l., 16 Jun 1973, B. X. Sun 603 (IBSC).
C. tingwuensis Chang. China: Guangdong, Zhaoqin, 29 May 1957, G. L. Shi 429 (IBSC).
C. yunnanensis W.Z.Fang. China: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 560 m a. s. l., 18 Jul 1959, Y. H. Li 001523 (KUN); 544 m a. s. l., 12 Jul 2011, Z. H. Ma 0114 (IBSC).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, Z., Bramley, G.L.C. & Zhang, D. Pollen morphology of Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) from China and its systematic implications. Plant Syst Evol 302, 67–88 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-015-1244-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-015-1244-8