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Signal amplification in immunoassays by using noble metal nanoparticles: a review

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Abstract

This review (with 147 references) summarizes the state of the art in methods for signal amplification in immunoassays by using noble metal nanoparticles (MeNPs). Following an introduction into the field, a first large section covers MeNPs as signal tracers. The next sections describes the use of MeNPs as carriers for biomolecules, and of doped, decorated or functionalized MeNPs. A next large section covers MeNPs as used in aggregation-based assays that result in a change of color or dynamic light scattering (DLS). This is followed by a discussion of MeNPs that undergo etching, size reduction, or growth and thereby change color and DLS, with subsections on methods based on etching, particle growth or particle formation. We then rview methods where MeNPs acts as catalysts (enzyme mimics), with subsections on MeNPs and on doped or composed MeNPs. A final large section discusses the synergies of MeNPs or multiple signal amplification strategies in immunoassays. Several Tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods and materials. A concluding section summarizes the current status, addresses current challenges, and gives an outlook on potential future trends.

Noble metal nanoparticles have been widely used as essential components of signal amplification strategies to enhance the sensitivity of the immunoassays. This review summarizes various signal amplification strategies using metal NPs serving as (a) signal tracers, (b) carriers, (c) aggregators, (d) enzyme mimics, (e) in growth or etching of NPs, and (f) in synergistic effects.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the financial support of the National Key R&D Program of China (grant numbers 2018YFC1602500, 2017YFC1601205) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31601536, 31871888).

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  1. College of Animal Sciences/ College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, People’s Republic of China

    Hualin Yang & Yu Zhou

  2. Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Wentao Xu

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Yang, H., Xu, W. & Zhou, Y. Signal amplification in immunoassays by using noble metal nanoparticles: a review. Microchim Acta 186, 859 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3904-9

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