References
Alejano LR, Rodríguez-Dono A, Alonso E, Fdez-Manín G (2009) Ground reaction curves for tunnels excavated in different quality rock masses showing several types of post-failure behavior. Tunn Undergr Space Tech 24:689–705
Alejano LR, Arzúa J, Bozorgzadeh N, Harrison JP (2017) Triaxial strength and deformability of intact and increasingly jointed granite samples. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 95:87–103
Arthur JRF, Dunstan T, Al-Ani QAJ, Assadi A (1977) Plastic deformation and failure in granular media. Géotechnique 27:53–74
Arzúa J, Alejano LR (2013) Dilation in granite during servo-controlled triaxial strength tests. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 61(1):43–56
ASTM (2015) D7012 Standard Test Method for Compressive strength and elastic moduli of intact rock core specimens under varying states of stress and temperatures. ASTM International, West Conshohocken (USA), p 9
Barton N (1973) Review of a new shear-strength criterion for rock joints. Eng Geol 7(4):287–332
Barton N (1976) The shear strength of rock and rock joints. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 13(9):255–279
Bésuelle P, Desrues J, Raynaud S (2000) Experimental characterisation of the localisation phenomenon inside a Vosges sandstone in a triaxial cell. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 37:1223–1237
Boyd DL, Trainor-Guitton W, Walton G (2018) Assessment of rock unit variability through use of spatial variograms. Eng Geol 233:200–212
Brace WF (1963) A note on brittle crack growth in compression. J Geophys Res 68:3709–3713
Brady BHG, Brown ET (1985) Rock strength and deformability. Rock mechanics for underground mining. George Allen & Unwin, London (UK), pp 86–134
Byerlee J (1978) Friction of rocks. Pure Appl Geophys 116(4–5):615–626
Cai M, Kaiser PK, Tasaka Y, Minami M (2007) Determination of residual strength parameters of jointed rock masses using the GSI system. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44(2):247–265
Cook NG (1965) The failure of rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2(4):389–403
Crowder JJ, Bawden WF (2004) Review of post-peak parameters and behaviour of rock masses: current trends and research. Rocnews
Diederichs MS (2003) Manuel Rocha medal recipient rock fracture and collapse under low confinement conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 36(5):339–381
Gao FQ, Kang HP (2016) Effects of pre-existing discontinuities on the residual strength of rock mass—insight from a discrete element method simulation. J Struct Geol 85:40–50
Gowd TN, Rummel F (1980) Effect of confining pressure on the fracture behaviour of a porous rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 17(4):225–229
Hobbs DW (1966) A study of the behaviour of a broken rock under triaxial compression, and its application to mine roadways. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 3(1):11–43
Hoek E, Brown ET (1980) Empirical strength criterion for rock masses. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng
Hoek E, Carranza-Torres C, Corkum B (2002) Hoek-Brown failure criterion-2002 edition. Proc NARMS-Tac 1:267–273
Hudson JA, Brown ET, Fairhurst C (1971) Shape of the complete stress–strain curve for rock. In: Proceedings of the 13th symposium on rock mechanics. University of Illinois: Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
Jaeger JC (1969) Behavior of closely jointed rock. In: The 11th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS). American Rock Mechanics Association
Kemeny JM, Cook NGW (1987) Crack models for the failure of rocks in compression. Constitutive laws for engineering materials: theory and applications, vol II. Elsevier, New York, pp 879–887
Kovari K, Tisa A (1975) Multiple failure state and strain controlled triaxial tests. Rock Mech 7(1):17–33
Kumar R, Sharma KG, Varadarajan A (2010) Post-peak response of some metamorphic rocks of India under high confining pressures. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(8):1357–1362
Labrie D (2017) Frictional properties of rocks as a function of rock type, specimen size and confining pressure. In: The 51st US Rock Mechanics Symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association
Labrie D, Conlon B (2008) Hydraulic and poroelastic properties of porous rocks and concrete materials. In: The 42nd US rock mechanics symposium (USRMS). American Rock Mechanics Association
Li C, Nordlund E (1993) Deformation of brittle rocks under compression—with particular reference to microcracks. Mech Mater 15:223–239
Li X, Konietzky H, Li X, Wang Y (2018) Failure pattern of brittle rock governed by initial microcrack characteristics. Acta Geotechnica. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0743-5
Martin CD (1997) Seventeenth Canadian geotechnical colloquium: the effect of cohesion loss and stress path on brittle rock strength. Can Geotech J 34(5):698–725
Masoumi H (2013) Investigation into the Mechanical Behaviour of Intact Rock at Different Sizes. In: Ph.D. Thesis. University of New South Wales: Sydney, Australia
Niu S, Jing H, Hu K, Yang D (2010) Numerical investigation on the sensitivity of jointed rock mass strength to various factors. Min Sci Technol 20(4):530–534
Ord A, Hobbs B, Regenauer-Lieb K (2007) Shear band emergence in granular materials, a numerical study. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 31:373–393
Peng J, Cai M, Rong G, Yao M-D, Jiang Q-H, Zhou C-B (2017) Determination of confinement and plastic strain dependent post-peak strength of intact rocks. Eng Geol 218:187–196
Rosengren KJ (1968) Rock mechanics of the Black Star open cut, Mount Isa. Ph.D. Thesis. The Australian National University: Canberra, Australia
Roshan H, Masoumi H, Regenauer-Lieb K (2017) Frictional behaviour of sandstone: a sample-size dependent triaxial investigation. J Struct Geol 94:154–165
Rummel F, Fairhurst C (1970) Determination of the post-failure behavior of brittle rock using a servo-controlled testing machine. Rock Mech 2(4):189–204
Sulem J, Ouffroukh H (2006) Hydromechanical behaviour of fontainebleau sandstone. Rock Mech Rock Eng 39:185–213
Vardoulakis I (1980) Shear band inclination and shear modulus of sand in biaxial tests. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 4:103–119
Vermeer PA, De Borst R (1984) Non-associated plasticity for soils, concrete and rock. Heron 29:1–64
Walton G (2017) Scale effects observed in compression testing of Stanstead granite including post-peak strength and dilatancy. Geotech Geol Eng 36:1091–1111
Walton G, Diederichs MS (2015) A new model for the dilation of brittle rocks based on laboratory compression test data with separate treatment of dilatancy mobilization and decay. Geotech Geol Eng 33(3):661–679
Walton G, Arzua J, Alejano LR, Diederichs MS (2015) A laboratory-testing-based study on the strength, deformability, and dilatancy of carbonate rocks at low confinement. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(3):941–958
Walton G, Hedayat A, Kim E, Labrie D (2017) Post-yield strength and dilatancy evolution across the brittle-ductile transition in indiana limestone. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50(7):1691–1710
Wawersik WR, Brace WF (1971) Post-failure behavior of a granite and diabase. Rock Mech 3(2):61–85
Yang SQ, Jing HW, Wang SY (2012) Experimental investigation on the strength, deformability, failure behavior and acoustic emission locations of red sandstone under triaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(4):583–606
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Luke Weidner for proofreading a version of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
G Walton declares that he has no conflict of interest. D. Labrie declares that he has no conflict of interest. L. Alejano declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Walton, G., Labrie, D. & Alejano, L.R. On the Residual Strength of Rocks and Rockmasses. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52, 4821–4833 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01879-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01879-5